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Andean women’s persistence amidst racialized gendered impoverishment, capitalist incursions, and post-conflict hauntings
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022-06-02)
Throughout the last four decades, Andean women from the highland communities of Peru have been significantly affected by ongoing neoliberal capitalist development and patriarchal structures. These intersecting violence(s) took on more horrific dimensions during the Peruvian armed conflict (1980–2000) and have contributed to multiple psychosocial sequelae that linger in the daily lives on these communities as “ghostly matters.” Seeking to face these experiences in a context of ongoing material impoverishment, Andean women from highland communities have initiated multiple associations or economic collective projects. The authors accompanied a group of women who formed a knitting association and facilitated a feminist participatory action research (FPAR), creating opportunities through which these women could engage in action-reflection processes toward enhancing their association. Twelve women from this FPAR process agreed to be interviewed by the first author who sought to explore their understandings about the processes of forming their association in this post-conflict context and the challenges they were facing. Interview transcripts were analyzed using Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory coding strategy. The findings reveal multiple challenges for women’s collaborative work created by ongoing racialized gendered violence and its intra- and interpersonal effects. Moreover, the findings confirmed that capitalist development dynamics, and, more particularly, resources introduced by agents from outside the community, bring both gains and losses for Andean women. The latter reported having learned skills that allowed them to better insert themselves in a market economy, but that these new activities were displacing more community-based Indigenous practices and traditions. Finally, this study reveals that the wounds created by the armed conflict generated multiple forms of silence that prevent Andean peasants from openly expressing their desires. Despite this, the women in this FPAR process and participants in these interviews are engaging in action-based responses through which they are overcoming some of these challenges and sustaining their association. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for mental health professionals and activist-scholars working with Indigenous communities affected by armed conflict by underscoring the limitations of interventions based exclusively on the spoken word and arguing for action-based approaches that draw on bottom-up knowledge and practices.
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Gender, race and identity in the characters of the Peruvian comic
(Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 2024-01-01)
Racial and gender representations have been made explicit in the comic characters in Peru since the development of the comic book until the contemporary graphic novel, due to their bonds with hegemonic social discourses about identity, or instead, because of demands for recognition of historically discriminated populations. A good example is the three children characters Coco, Vicuñín, and Tacachito (Avanzada, 1957-1968). Because each one represents each of the three population groups on which the Peruvian oligarchy racially classified the nation along the 20th century. Reviewing the graphic resources from a gender and racism viewpoint, will allow us to understand the changes that have occurred in hegemonic discourses and in social demands, before and after the war between the Shining Path communist party, and the Peruvian State.
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La sangre de la aurora: Reconstructing Trauma as Part of Collective Memory
(Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, 2023-09-01)
From a transdisciplinary approach, the article draws on the psychological concepts of collective memory and trauma to analyse Claudia Salazar Jiménez’s novel La sangre de la aurora (2013). On the hypothesis that the novel manages to express the unthinkable in a context of war, which places the life and body of women as a battlefield, this paper identifies the way in which narrative strategies such as a fragmented structure, the sudden abandonment of syntax, changes in focus and in the arrangement of narrative time enable weaving individual memories of horror and affection, and thereby creating a collective narrative, a rupture of silence despite the persistence of the core aspects of psychosocial trauma.
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International Law and Intercultural Competence in Protection of Civilians: Focus on Children in Armed Conflict
(2025-07-01)
Background: Thousands of girls and boys are recruited and used in armed conflicts worldwide, serving in combat and noncombat roles. This issue transcends race, religion, and political systems and constitutes grave violations of international humanitarian law and human rights. Methods: This study employs a qualitative, interdisciplinary approach, analysing international legal frameworks, intercultural competence theory, case studies, and interviews with former child soldiers. Results: Findings reveal that cultural barriers significantly impede reintegration efforts and that intercultural competence among humanitarian actors and communities is essential for designing sustainable, inclusive, and culturally responsive reintegration programmes. Conclusion: Integrating intercultural training into child protection and peacebuilding strategies enhances the protection and reintegration of children affected by armed conflict, improving outcomes for former child soldiers and their communities.
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