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Item type:Publication, The environmentalization of mining in Colombia, Chile, and Peru: A comparative analysis of green state formation(Elsevier, 2020-11-26)The environmentalization of mining is similar but different in Colombia, Chile, and Peru, and adopting an embeddedness theory framework helps to explain this. Green state formation diffuses because the international political economy demands so: world society embeds the economy and pushes for environmental rights, which leads to trade rules. However, particular institutional and ecological contexts shape the development of distinct varieties of state greening. In particular, the 1970s and 1990s junctures were windows of opportunity for diverse green state formation processes, conditioned by their respective national contexts: there was an early start with decentralized features in Colombia, a late beginning and constrained state formation in Chile, and very late and mostly legal progress in Peru. Environmentalization is highly idiosyncratic, characterized by policy and law progressivism in Colombia, neoliberal technocraticism in Chile, and lawmaking with the lowest bureaucratic autonomy in Peru. Mining being so powerful, its environmental impacts so complex, and green state formation so restricted or minimal, the environmentalization of mining appears formal and discursive for the most part, especially in Peru's weak state. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Intangible heritage and the indigenization of politics in the Peruvian Andes: the dispute over the political party appropriation of the pablito/ukuku dancer(Routledge, 2020-01-01)This article analyses the opposition of the Council of Pilgrim Nations of Lord Quyllurit’i to the appropriation of the pablito/ukuku dancer by the Kausachun Cusco Political Movement during the 2014 Cusco municipal elections as part of a process of indigenization of politics in the Peruvian Andes. Quyllurit’i is the largest pilgrimage in the Peruvian Andes, recently included in the List of Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The pablito/ukuku dancers are crucial mediators between Lord Quyllurit’i – a Christ painted over a rock – and Apu Qulqipunku, a glacier closely related to the shrine. The opposition of the Council of Nations to Kausachun appropriation of the pablito/ukuku as well as the increasing electoral appeal of indigenous symbols are shaped by the confluence of two concurring processes: first, the democratization of the regional society partly due to the rural-urban migration and the 1979 instauration of universal suffrage; second, the global emergence of indigeneity and its instruments and the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. While intangible heritage is closely related to neoliberal forms of governmentality, it has strengthened the Council of Nations in its organic and implicit indigeneity, and has even pushed it to an instance of explicit indigenous identification. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Vernacular architecture and cultural landscapes in the Sondondo valley (Peru)(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2020-07-20)Abstract. Sondondo is an inter-Andean valley located between 3,500 and 4,500 meters above sea level. Inhabited, transformed and modelled since ancient times by the local rural communities, an extraordinary cultural landscape has been created through their particular relationship with the environment. Since the pre-Hispanic settlements (Wari 600 AD), through colonial indigenous “reductions”, to the villages of vernacular architecture, which are at the foundation of contemporary populated centres, the territory has been variously and successively settled, inhabited and transformed. Its vernacular architecture has evolved at multiple scales, from domestic architecture to urban structures. It has created spaces for agriculture and livestock herding, and the spectacular agricultural andenerías (farming platforms and terraces) that have shaped the territory for centuries. The latter simultaneously developed irrigation infrastructures and techniques. The result is a landscape of great plastic effects, in a geographical setting bordered by the apus – tutelar mountains – traditionally “sacralized” by the Andean cultures. Such enormous architectural-landscape legacy is now threatened by imported global models of false modernity disrupting the fragile balance of lifestyles and territories. The objective of this research project, ongoing since 2016, is to assess this territory, catalogue its vernacular architecture and landscape units. It also aims to propose projects and initiatives for sustainable local development. The work has been made available to the Ministry of Culture of Peru to support its request before UNESCO to include the site in its World Heritage List. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Trade-Offs Among Aboveground, Belowground, and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Along Altitudinal Gradients in Andean Tropical Montane Forests(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020-03-03)Tropical montane forests (TMFs) play an important role as a carbon reservoir at a global scale. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding on the variation in carbon storage across TMF compartments (namely aboveground biomass [AGB], belowground biomass [BGB], and soil organic matter) along altitudinal and environmental gradients and their potential trade-offs. This study aims to: 1) understand how carbon stocks vary along altitudinal gradients in Andean TMFs, and; 2) determine the influence of climate, particularly precipitation seasonality, on the distribution of carbon stocks across different forest compartments. The study was conducted in sixty 0.1 ha plots along two altitudinal gradients at the Podocarpus National Park (Ecuador) and Río Abiseo National Park (Peru). At each plot, we calculated the amount of carbon in AGB (i.e. aboveground carbon stock, AGC), BGB (i.e. belowground carbon stock, BGC), and soil organic matter (i.e. soil organic carbon stock, SOC). The mean total carbon stock found in plots across sites was 229.02 ± 68.06 Mg ha-1. Although AGC, BGC and SOC showed different partitioning patterns along the altitudinal gradient both in Ecuador and Peru, total carbon stock did not change with altitude in either site. The mean total carbon stock found in plots across sites was 229.02 ± 68.06 Mg ha-1. The combination of annual mean temperature and precipitation seasonality explained differences in the observed patterns of carbon stocks across forest compartments between the two sites. This study suggests that the greater precipitation seasonality of colder, higher altitudes promotes faster turnover rates of organic matter and nutrients and, consequently, less accumulation of SOC but greater AGC and BGC, compared to those sites with lesser precipitation seasonality. Our results demonstrate the capacity of TMFs to store substantial amounts of carbon and suggest the existence of a trade-off in carbon stocks among forest compartments, which could be partly driven by differences in precipitation seasonality, especially under the colder temperatures of high altitudes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The time of the past: Exploring the rhythms of a pre-Hispanic urban settlement in the coastal Andes (AD 550–850)(SAGE Publishing, 2020-10-01)As archaeologists we experience past time in the present, challenging linear time as we deal with the remains of different moments, events and people. This multi-scalar approach to time stimulates a flexible discussion of the past, understanding it not only in the absolute way provided by calendric dates, but also enmeshed within events and anchored by layers that were lived thousands of years ago. In this article, we will explore the notions of time of the people living in a densely populated settlement in the coastal Andes (AD 550–850), by focusing on the seasonality of quotidian practices, on cyclic constructive events and on the recurrent interment of people within residences. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Fluvial terraces as quantitative markers of late Quaternary detachment folding and creeping thrust faulting in the Peruvian Huallaga basin(Elsevier, 2020-10-15)In the western Huallaga basin, located in the Peruvian Subandes, a series of nine fluvial terraces with elevations of up to 160 m above current floodplain level (+FP) were formed against the Biabo anticline. The terraces are progressively more folded with age and terrace elevation and present growth strata, suggesting ongoing folding of the anticline. Optically and InfraRed Stimulated Luminescence (OSL and IRSL) dating of fluvial terrace sediments yielded ages of 10.8 ± 0.7 ka for the T2, 24.2 ± 2 ka for the T4 and 46 ± 9 ka for the T7 terrace. Uniform uplift rates of 2 mm a−1 for the past 46 ka were calculated. Terrace profiles and two new seismic profiles that cross the Biabo anticline longitudinally and transversally were used to calculate shortening rates of 2.6 mm a−1 for the anticline over the past 46 ka. Our calculations took into account potential contributions of detachment thrusting parallel to the Biabo fold and reverse tear faulting perpendicular to the fold tip as visible on the seismic sections. A maximum uplift rate of 0.62 mm a−1 due to reverse thrusting of the Bellavista tear fault for the past 46 ka could have contributed to the overall uplift of the Bellavista terraces. Based on trigonometric relationships, a reverse fault slip rate of 0.86 mm a−1 and an age of 137 ka were calculated for this fault. In the eastern part of the Huallaga basin, a series of two fluvial terraces were formed with elevations of 13–15 m and 30 m + FP and with OSL ages of 6.9 ± 0.7 ka for T1 and 30.2 ± 3.1 ka for T2. The interpretation of a third new seismic profile crossing the study area in combination with field observations and trigonometric relationships shows that the terraces were formed by a complex system of oblique ramp and strike-slip faulting resulting in uplift and shortening rates of 1 mm a−1 and 1.96 mm a−1 between 30.2 ka and 6.9 ka respectively; and uplift and shortening rates of 2 mm a−1 and 3.70 mm a−1 from 6.9 ka until the present. Reverse slip of the Shapaja oblique ramp, that was responsible for uplift of the terraces, was calculated at 2.19 mm a−1 for the period 30.2 to 6.9 ka and 4.15 mm a−1 from 6.9 ka until the present. Measured total slip in combination with the calculated slip rates allowed an age calculation of 181 ka for the Shapaja thrust ramp. Our inferences showed that the studied tectonic structures absorb most of the present-day deformation in the Huallaga basin. The calculated uplift and shortening rates are compatible with published, present-day crustal movement velocities, and Miocene to present shortening rates for various, studied sites of the tropical Subandes and suggest that it is deforming at a relatively uniform rate. The timing of sedimentation of the terrace sediments may have corresponded to periods of increased precipitation which occurred coeval with the Heinrich events of the Northern Hemisphere. Terrace records similar as ours have been described for other, tectonically highly active areas in the tropical Subandes, but not in the tectonically less active Amazonian lowlands. It is suggested that uplift rates of at least 1 mm a−1 are needed to preserve suborbital climate cycles as individual terraces. The tropical Subandes could therefore be a new key area to investigate the interactions between tectonics, suborbital climate forcing and fluvial response during the late Quaternary. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ¿Semillas mejoradas como escape de la pobreza? Evidencia cualitativa y cuantitativa para la sierra sur del Perú.(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru. Departamento de Economía, 2018-10)El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad esclarecer y cuantificar los potenciales efectos de la adopción de tecnologías agrícolas ―semillas mejoradas― en la reducción de la pobreza rural, enfocándose en los hogares productores a pequeña escala en los Andes peruanos del sur. Para ello se emplea un método de análisis basado en el ‘propensity score matching’ para hallar las relaciones causales del tratamiento. Los resultados indican que existe una relación robusta y significativa entre la adopción de dichas tecnologías y el bienestar de los agricultores, aunque estos resultados dependen en gran medida del tamaño de la parcela y de la proporción regada de la misma. Asimismo, la evidencia cualitativa indica que la asistencia técnica y capacitación (semillas y tecnificación del riego) deben de ser implementadas tomando en cuenta las características idiosincráticas y culturales de los poblados andinos, además de hacerlos parte del planteamiento de la solución al problema de la baja productividad agrícola. El reto de mitigar la pobreza debe pasar por un acompañamiento no solo durante el proceso de producción agrícola, sino también en el proceso de articulación al mercado y organización empresarial de los productores. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Vernacular architecture and cultural landscapes in the Sondondo valley (Perú)(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2020)Sondondo is an inter-Andean valley located between 3,500 and 4,500 meters above sea level. Inhabited, transformed and modelled since ancient times by the local rural communities, an extraordinary cultural landscape has been created through their particular relationship with the environment. Since the pre-Hispanic settlements (Wari 600 AD), through colonial indigenous “reductions”, to the villages of vernacular architecture, which are at the foundation of contemporary populated centres, the territory has been variously and successively settled, inhabited and transformed. Its vernacular architecture has evolved at multiple scales, from domestic architecture to urban structures. It has created spaces for agriculture and livestock herding, and the spectacular agricultural andenerías (farming platforms and terraces) that have shaped the territory for centuries. The latter simultaneously developed irrigation infrastructures and techniques. The result is a landscape of great plastic effects, in a geographical setting bordered by the apus – tutelar mountains – traditionally “sacralized” by the Andean cultures. Such enormous architectural-landscape legacy is now threatened by imported global models of false modernity disrupting the fragile balance of lifestyles and territories. The objective of this research project, ongoing since 2016, is to assess this territory, catalogue its vernacular architecture and landscape units. It also aims to propose projects and initiatives for sustainable local development. The work has been made available to the Ministry of Culture of Peru to support its request before UNESCO to include the site in its World Heritage List - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The “Guzmango language” in colonial Cajamarca: context and perspectives(Universidad de Tarapaca, 2021-12-01)In this paper, we present a documentary reference to the “Guzmango language” in early colonial Cajamarca (Peru), which we then contextualize and discuss. In light of this information, we revisit the debate on the relationship between toponymic areas, languages, peoples, and political units of the past in this region, examining the notion of “contained linguistic area”. We put forward a preliminary equivalence between the “Guzmango language” and the “Den language”, as defined by Alfredo Torero, while discussing its limitations. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Reconstructing the sequence of an Inca Period (1470-1532 CE) camelid sacrifice at El Pacífico, Peru(Elsevier, 2021-11-26)Animal sacrifice has played an important role as a material expression of the ritual behavior practiced by different societies around the world. In the South American Andes, the ceremonial immolation of llamas is well documented by both ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence of animal sacrifice remains poorly documented. In this paper, we report the burial of two young camelids from El Pacífico, a Formative Period ceremonial site located on the central coast of Peru. AMS radiocarbon dates suggest the ritual sacrifice occurred when the architecture of the site was no longer in use, around the time of the Inca conquest. Based on the presence of cut marks and fly pupae, we suggest that one of the camelids, a yearling llama, was sacrificed by removal of its heart and buried shortly thereafter. Similarly, given the location of cut marks and representation of skeletal parts, we infer that the second camelid was slaughtered for human consumption prior to burial. In accordance with documented Andean rites, archaeological evidence from El Pacifico suggests that practitioners of camelid sacrifice followed a behavioral script following the selection of the animal to its final interment. We hypothesize the costly performance of this ceremony at an ancestral sacred site was part of a social and political strategy for promoting intergroup social cohesion during the arrival of the Incas to the region.