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    Employee creativity in war zones: Empirical evidence from small firms in Afghanistan
    (Life Science Publishing Co. Ltdopj@lifescience.co.jp, 2020-09-01)
    The major concern of employees during times of war and conflict is apparently physical survival. But how are top managers of small-sized companies enhancing the generation of novel and useful ideas by their employees in such physically dangerous business environments? In Afghanistan, as a war-torn country, this research examined for the first time how getting closer to employees—which is conceptualized as internal marketing orientation culture in our study—directly affects the generation of novel and useful ideas by employees in the workplace. Our analysis is based on survey data from 81 newly established small-sized companies in Afghanistan. Results indicate a mediating role of employees' perceived psychological safety on the relationship between internal market orientation culture and employees' creative work involvement. Moreover, we discuss the impact of employees' creative work involvement on small-sized firm competitiveness improvement in general. Finally, we extend our implications in the context of the componential theory model of creativity, which might also serve as a framework for future research.
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    Socially responsible behaviors in extreme contexts: comparing cases of economic sanctions, COVID-19 pandemic, and internal war
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021-01-01)
    Socially responsible behaviors (SRBs) in the workplace and in life more generally can positively contribute to the well-being of society and the environment at large. SRBs can benefit many people, especially in extreme contexts. In this article, we report on an investigation of the relationship between employees’ proactive personality and their engagement in two types of SRBs: societal behaviors and sustainability-oriented behaviors. Furthermore, we test the moderation effect of perceived danger (contextual factor) on these relationships. To assess the hypotheses, three studies were conducted in different countries: (1) Iran, which is under intense economic sanctions; (2) Peru, which has dealt with severe restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (3) Afghanistan, which is involved in a long-standing internal war. We tested the direct relationship between proactive personality and SRBs by using survey-based data from 292 employees in Iran and 306 employees in Peru. The moderation effect of perceived danger (contextual factor) is assessed using data from 172 employees in Afghanistan. Accordingly, we found a consistent pattern of relationships between employees’ proactive personalities and their involvement in both societal behaviors and sustainability-oriented behaviors in Iran and Peru. Interstingly, the results from Afghanistan revealed that employees with a proactive personality engaged more in societal behaviors under threatening and stressful situations.