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Regional integration agreements and higher education in the Andean countries
(Editora PUC-Minas, 2022-01-01)
The promotion of higher education has been a common denominator in the integration processes in the region, however, the results achieved have been heterogeneous. The main characteristics and limitations are pointed out. It also reviews the commitments assumed in Peru's main North-South and South-South trade agreements. The need to deepen these commitments and liberalization in regional integration agreements is discussed.
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Rethinking global value chains in Latin America under COVID-19: Challenges and opportunities for exporting firms
(EAFIT University, 2022-06-20)
This article examines the debate regarding regional integration and Global Value Chains (GVCs) in Latin America, and the challenges and opportunities that a deepening integration would have for exporting firms. The Latin American region had been progressively taking part in these integrated economic systems when COVID 19 hit. The pandemic has exposed weaknesses in its participation due to several factors, including its dependence on extra-regional hubs. Nevertheless, the disruption has brought back the need to consider the advantages of Latin American GVCs that could enhance the resilience and performance of regional firms. The review shows various benefits in carrying out a regional integration that is GVCs-oriented, similar to Asian and European countries. However, achieving the same level of regional GVC is not without challenges for firms, governments, and institutions. This article examines these alternatives in the context of an economic and health crisis.
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Regional Agreements in the New International Scenario: The Andean Region Case
(Springer Nature (Netherlands), 2026-01-01)
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Posible Ampliación de la CAN: algunos escenarios
(El Colegio de México, 2025-02-17)
En sus 55 años de historia, la Comunidad Andina (CAN) ha atravesado periodos tanto de auge como de crisis. Este artículo examina las posibilidades y los desafíos de la reincorporación de Chile y Venezuela a la organización, tal como se planteó en la XXII Declaración del Consejo Presidencial Andino de 2022. El estudio emplea un enfoque conceptual y una metodología cualitativa, que combina el análisis crítico de fuentes secundarias con entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores clave, para evaluar los beneficios de la integración. Asimismo, analiza los flujos comerciales y algunos indicadores clave de intercambio entre los países miembros, la agenda comercial y no comercial reciente de la CAN y los posibles puntos de convergencia con las políticas de Chile y Venezuela. A partir de este análisis, se plantean posibles escenarios para la reincorporación de ambos países, tomando en cuenta la perspectiva de actores clave.
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Inequality and Convergence in Latin American Regional Trade Agreements
(Wiley, 2025-03-01)
The process of Latin American integration has been characterized by both significant advances and setbacks; it is driven by the potential for economic convergence, which seeks to reduce disparities and asymmetries among the region's countries. This article aims to estimate inequality indexes and assess the presence of convergence within and among Latin American integration blocs—The Pacific Alliance, the Andean Community, and the Southern Common Market. To achieve this goal, measures of inequality—including sigma dispersion, the Gini coefficient, and the Theil index—were calculated for the past 22 years. The findings indicate that inequality has increased throughout most of the studied period, with the Southern Common Market exhibiting the highest levels of inequality, followed by the Andean Community and the Pacific Alliance. Furthermore, the analysis of data from 1990 to 2021 reveals a lack of economic convergence between the Southern Common Market and the Andean Community during periods of unilateral trade liberalization, North–South free trade agreements, and the commodities boom. Similarly, the Pacific Alliance shows no evidence of economic convergence between its member countries. While the bloc's formation in 2012 suggests a possible shift in the trend, this change is insufficient to establish a definitive convergence.
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Bioeconomía circular y gobernanza climática en la región andina: fundamentos para un Pacto Verde Andino
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2026-05-29)
This article examines the relevance of emerging sustainable development paradigms in the Andean region, focusing on bioeconomy, circular economy, biotrade, and, in an integrated manner, the green circular bioeconomy. Using a qualitative and comparative approach, the study analyzes the European Green Deal as a reference framework to assess the institutional, productive, and governance capacities of the Andean Community (CAN) in addressing climate change challenges. The findings indicate that, while each paradigm offers valuable contributions, their isolated application is insufficient to address the complexity of environmental, social, and structural challenges faced by the region. In this context, the green circular bioeconomy emerges as the most coherent approach, as it integrates the sustainable valorization of biodiversity, circularity principles, technological innovation, and explicit objectives related to social inclusion and climate resilience. The analysis also highlights regional integration as a key enabling factor for policy coordination, regulatory harmonization, and the mobilization of green finance. Based on these findings, the paper proposes the development of an Andean Green Deal as a regionally adapted institutional framework aimed at fostering a sustainable, inclusive, and long-term productive transition.
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