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Impacto de las cláusulas ambientales de los acuerdos comerciales regionales sobre los niveles de contaminación
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables (INTE-PUCP), 2021-11-08)
Climate change and the impact of the economic model in the environment, forces the countries of the region to establish different tools and mechanisms to face its negative effects. For that reason, the environmental provisions of Regional Trade Agreements play a crucial role in guaranteeing environmental quality. This article estimates the impact of the environmental clauses of the regional trade agreements on the environmental pollution indicators of the partner exporting countries, especially in the Pacific Alliance.
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El alineamiento en seguridad internacional de los países de la Alianza del Pacífico con Estados Unidos: una aproximación desde el realismo constructivista
(Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, 2021-04-19)
Los estudios de regionalismo han desestimado indagaciones que analicen la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) en el ámbito de la seguridad. Este artículo busca comprender el rol de las ideas de seguridad en el grado de alineamiento de las políticas exteriores de los países de la ap con Estados Unidos (ee. uu.). Esta investigación emplea una perspectiva ecléctica que combina aportes del constructivismo y del realismo y aplica una metodología cualitativa que complementa el rastreo de procesos históricos con el análisis temático de discursos presidenciales y libros blancos de defensa. Los hallazgos sugieren que los miembros de la ap han demarcado un patrón común de conducta frente a las acciones en materia de seguridad internacional propuestas por Washington en el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). Entre los factores que explican este comportamiento se encuentran trayectorias dependientes de cooperación en seguridad con ee. uu. y nociones compartidas de amenaza internacional.
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International trade policy in Latin America (Pacific Alliance—Mercosur)
(Oxford University Press, 2022-01-01)
This chapter explores the developments in trade policy in Latin America. In the past decades, Latin American States have shifted their trading policy from import substitution to free trade, building a vast web of trade agreements with the main economies of the world. New provisions, such as trade-related disciplines pertaining to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), regulatory cooperation, gender, among others, have been included in trade agreements. On the other hand, the establishment of disciplines such as labour and environment in RTAs has presented difficulties. The Pacific Alliance and MERCOSUR, both trading blocs which encompass the main actors of the region, have accomplished several milestones in trade openness. However, there has not been a wide development in trade agreements between Latin American countries despite the potential benefits that convergence might bring.
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Pacific Alliance: trade implications on member countries and other regional trade agreements
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022-11-01)
The Pacific Alliance, born as an alternative to “postliberal regionalism,” aimed at reinforcing the liberalization and openness strategies as well as the North–South agreements previously subscribed by its members. It sought to enhance intraregional trade, promote value chains, and reach out to the Asia‐Pacific region. Ten years after the creation of the Pacific Alliance, it is relevant to assess its effect on trade flows among its members and with other regional trade agreements like the Andean Community and the Southern Common Market. We use an augmented gravity model and the panel data methodology to provide evidence that the Pacific Alliance has not affected trade flows significantly among its members or with other South American regional trade agreements.
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Impacto de las cláusulas de transferencia tecnológica e innovación en los acuerdos comerciales regionales
(Universidade de Sao Paolo, 2023-01-01)
International trade is one of the main vehicles to promote the technology transfer as it contributes to the generation of new products with greater added value, expanding export opportunities and diversification, as well as the insertion of domestic companies in global value chains. This article seeks to determine the impact of the technology related provisions in the main trade agreements that are signed by Latin America and the Caribbean countries in the last 20 years on the level of exports, particularly on the export of goods in technology-intensive sectors. It attempts to analyze whether this effect varies between North-South and South-South trade agreements, especially in the case of the Pacific Alliance.
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Ideological Changes and Pragmatism in the Pacific Alliance
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023-03-01)
Since its creation a decade ago, the Pacific Alliance has established itself as one of the most important regional blocs in Latin America. Its free-market orientation, clearly neoliberal, and its pragmatic decision-making strategy have been highlighted as its main strengths. This article will demonstrate that, despite the ideological changes that have taken place in its members, the Alliance will continue to be an important tool in these members' respective foreign policies. Precisely because of its pragmatism, the coming to power in Peru and Chile of governments critical of neoliberalism did not affect the development of the Pacific Alliance. Likewise, the political changes that have occurred more recently in Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru do not seem to imply a weakening of the of it. By contrast, following its pragmatic profile, the new ideological framework prevailing in the Alliance could serve to face the difficult situation and advance in bloc's process of deep integration.
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The Complex Regional Governance of Latin American E-Commerce: A Comparative Perspective on the Pacific Alliance, the Andean Community, and Mercosur
(Universidad de Los Andes, 2025-01-01)
Objective/context: The proliferation in the number, depth, and scope of e-commerce agreements has integrated shared agendas and memberships within Latin America's complex regional governance, making cooperation and fragmentation non-exclusive practices. Therefore, this article asks about the conditions that have facilitated or limited the development of a Latin American digital market. Methodology: A comparative qualitative analysis of the Pacific Alliance, the Andean Community, and Mercosur, together with process tracing, will shed light on their progress in this area, taking into account the degree of linkage they maintain with three mechanisms that foster collaboration and coordination dynamics among various institutions an d actors. Conclusions: The analysis shows that, within systems characterized by growing institutional density and diversity— such as the Latin American e-commerce environment—regional cooperation can be facilitated when regional trade agreements are embedded in a broader trade regime, where there is a clear sequencing among different agreements, and when orchestrators and policy networks are present. In contrast, their absence leads to ineffective agreement implementation and increased regional fragmentation. Originality: This work connects studies on complex regional governance with a relatively underexplored agenda in Latin American academic literature: e-commerce.
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Techno-functionalism and the varieties of regional resilience in Latin America: comparing the Pacific Alliance and SICA
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2026-12-01)
Latin American regional organizations have in recent years confronted a wide range of multifaceted crises. While it might have been reasonable to anticipate the decline or even the disappearance of regional cooperation institutions, this outcome has not materialized. On the contrary, regional organizations on the continent continue to survive and, in some cases, to expand their activities: they develop and implement sectoral agendas, attract international funding, and at times maintain an active presence on the multilateral stage. These dynamics underscore the growing role of experts and bureaucratic networks in sustaining and adapting regional frameworks in the face of persistent challenges. How do transnational experts and bureaucratic networks contribute to the survival and continuity of regional organizations in adverse contexts? This article advances the argument that the development of techno-functional cooperation represents an alternative way of operating in Latin American regionalism, one that enhances the resilience of regional organizations. It situates this argument at the intersection of expert authority, the technocratic turn, and classical functionalist ideas within the debate on regionalism in Latin America. To address the research question, the article undertakes a comparative empirical analysis of the Central American Integration System (SICA) and the Pacific Alliance (PA).
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Inequality and Convergence in Latin American Regional Trade Agreements
(Wiley, 2025-03-01)
The process of Latin American integration has been characterized by both significant advances and setbacks; it is driven by the potential for economic convergence, which seeks to reduce disparities and asymmetries among the region's countries. This article aims to estimate inequality indexes and assess the presence of convergence within and among Latin American integration blocs—The Pacific Alliance, the Andean Community, and the Southern Common Market. To achieve this goal, measures of inequality—including sigma dispersion, the Gini coefficient, and the Theil index—were calculated for the past 22 years. The findings indicate that inequality has increased throughout most of the studied period, with the Southern Common Market exhibiting the highest levels of inequality, followed by the Andean Community and the Pacific Alliance. Furthermore, the analysis of data from 1990 to 2021 reveals a lack of economic convergence between the Southern Common Market and the Andean Community during periods of unilateral trade liberalization, North–South free trade agreements, and the commodities boom. Similarly, the Pacific Alliance shows no evidence of economic convergence between its member countries. While the bloc's formation in 2012 suggests a possible shift in the trend, this change is insufficient to establish a definitive convergence.
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