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Item type:Publication, Extractivism of the poor: natural resource commodification and its discontents(Elsevier, 2021-09-02)In a recent series of articles, ecological distribution conflicts scholars present descriptive statistical analyses backing Joan Martinez-Alier (2002)’s thesis on the environmentalism of the poor.In their collaborative Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas), their Peru sample reports a success rate of 24% in stopping projects. We contend that successful resistance represents only 25% of the total universe of Peru mining conflicts. Our claim is built on the study of 517 conflicts in Peru between 2005 and 2019, as registered by the Ombudsperson's Office. The evidence suggests, moreover, that contentious collective action commonly subordinates environmental justice causes to conventional economic concerns and resolutions, resulting in mining conflicts unfolding into compensation schemes and better deal settlements. Our straightforward interpretation is that while negative impacts are complex phenomena not homogeneously experienced among and within local communities, across space and over time, natural resource commodification brings with it the promise of local development opportunities. We draw a complementary extractivism of the poor hypothesis: there are diverse forms of (bitter) accommodation with or (structured) involvement in natural resource commodification of the poor and the indigenous. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Protecting gains: Extractivism, social movements, and the politics of policy implementation(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-03-01)Scholarship on social movements around conflicts over extractive development has advanced in identifying when movements are likely to impact policy adoption. Yet, in Latin America policies are rarely implemented – a reality that commonly leads conflicts to reignite. This sheds light over this often overlooked issue. We focus on the politics of policy implementation – when and how social movements around extractive development have higher chances to favorably impact policy enforcement. To this end, we switch the attention from the strategies of social movements and their outcomes over policy implementation at the local level, to their cumulative impact on national-level policy. We argue for a comparative political economy approach that enables us to identify the systemic, intermediate, and short-term factors that impact the effect of movements on conflicts over policy implementation. Building on this approach, we propose three potential implementation outcomes – positive, status quo and rollback – depending on the degree to which they align with a movement's position. We conclude highlighting the contributions of the articles in this issue to the politics of policy implementation and providing some insights for social movements’ course of action to protect their gains. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Navigating Shifting Waters: Subjectivity, Oil Extraction, and Urarina Territorial Strategies in the Peruvian Amazon(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-11-01)This paper examines the relationships between extractive infrastructure, changing territorial strategies, and contemporary processes of subject formation among the Urarina, an indigenous people in the Peruvian Amazon. We first introduce the uneven and combined character of oil extraction in the Loreto region in north-eastern Peru, and how its racialised spatial contradictions are expressed in the ethnopolitical field that gives political form to regional extractive operations. The paper goes on to analyse the case of the Urarina people in the Chambira river basin, their particular place in the geography of extraction, and the case of the community of Nueva Union. We examine contemporary processes of subject formation in the community, which combine radical transformations in the role of money, territorial strategies, use and valuation of the environment, and changes in political structure, in non-linear ways. The paper closes by examining how the case of the community of Nueva Union sheds light on broader dynamics of subject formation, localised relations to the environment, and extraction as they play out in contemporary indigenous Amazonia. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Cambio ambiental global y metabolismo social local: marcos de interpretación, herramientas de valoración y políticas derivadas(University of Atlántico, 2023-01-01)El Informe de la Evaluación Mundial de la Diversidad Biológica y los Servicios de los Ecosistemas publicado por la Plataforma Intergubernamental sobre Biodiversidad y Servicios de los Ecosistemas (2019) concluía, entre otras cuestiones, que el ritmo del cambio global en la naturaleza durante los últimos 50 años no tiene precedentes en la historia de la humanidad. En este contexto de aceleración del cambio y situación de emergencia climática actual se hace necesario avanzar en el establecimiento de bases teóricas y metodológicas que permitan comprender sus mecanismos de funcionamiento e impactos a distintas escalas temporales y geográficas, considerando, a su vez, la especificidad de los distintos territorios y hábitats. Con objeto de avanzar en el conocimiento sobre la situación mundial de emergencia ambiental y sus instrumentos de valoración y mitigación, este monográfico lanzó un llamamiento a la contribución de trabajos teórico-metodológicos y de análisis de casos prácticos que tuvieran en consideración, la diversidad territorial y multiescalaridad de los procesos ambientales y de las políticas diseñadas para su tratamiento, tomando como punto de partida los marcos de interpretación del cambio global y del metabolismo social. En su consideración conjunta, se revela la utilidad de crear marcos teórico-metodológicos de entendimiento común, pero adaptados a la diversidad de cada territorio y escala. Igualmente, se identifica la utilidad de las políticas públicas fundamentadas en la economía ecológica, pero reforzadas con las nuevas formas de gobernanza territorial caracterizadas por la incorporación de la participación y el fomento de la coordinación y cooperación multinivel, multiescalar y sectorial. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ‘Just Transition’ in the Global South: Mission Impossible? The Perils of the Transition in Mexico and Ecuador(Mattersburger Kreis fur Entwicklungspolitik, 2023-01-01)Historically, ‘just transition’ speaks to concerns of workers of ‘dirty industries’ in the Global North in the light of environmental regulations and (possible) impacts on their working conditions and job positions. Increasingly, the concept is used to highlight issues of social justice in transitions to a low-carbon economy based on renewable energy sources. Focusing on the juncture triggered by the current climate change-driven stage of global capitalism, we emphasise the tension that arises between the notions of ‘national development’, ‘global sustainability’, and a ‘just transition’, and argue that current transition politics and pathways tend to (re)produce extractivist and rentier logics as well as socioecological conflicts in the Global South. We illustrate our argument by delving into the political economy and political ecology of contemporary Mexico and Ecuador, where we also identify the perils of following transition pathways that limit a ‘just transition’. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Shadows of Belaúnde's Utopia: A Critical Analysis of La Conquista del Perú por los peruanos(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2025-12-01)Resumen: En 1959, Fernando Belaúnde Terry, expresidente y arquitecto peruano, publicó La conquista del Perú por los peruanos, un documento que detalla las bases de una utopía nacional que miraba a la Amazonía como motor de progreso. Sin embargo, al revisar los proyectos clave de su visión, como la Carretera Marginal de la Selva y el Servicio Cívico Fluvial, el territorio es constantemente caracterizado como un “espacio vacío”. A partir de testimonios y lecturas amazónicas, la narrativa modernizadora revela sus consecuencias de despojo e invisibilización, constatando la mentalidad colonial que subyace a la retórica del progreso.7 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Penal extractivism: A qualitative study on punishment and extractive industries in Peru(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2025-01-01)This article introduces the concept of penal extractivism in the punishment and society literature. We define penal extractivism as the punitive strategies that a state implements to safeguard extractive industries from citizens’ contention. This concept addresses the limitations of categories like criminalization, protest policing, social control, and labour discipline while bridging the gap between punishment studies and research on extractive industries. Additionally, we draw upon evidence of the Espinar mining conflict in Peru to explain five punitive strategies the state uses to handle protests: (1) off-duty policing and critical assets legislation, (2) state of emergency declarations, (3) police or prosecutorial notes against environmental defenders, (4) criminal indictments, and (5) the transferring of criminal cases to distant jurisdictions. Based on our findings, we argue that penal extractivism is a dynamic and ambivalent project that targets marginalized rural populations. The state partially deters mobilizations but fails to address the underlying social unrest, reinforcing the conditions that perpetuate mining conflicts. This in-depth within-case analysis examines the relationship between punishment and extractivism in the global context of contemporary social mobilizations.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Neoliberal water politics and the production of unequal territories in southern Peru(Elsevier BV, 2026-05-01)This paper examines how different forms of resources extraction reshape water governance and produce territories of scarcity in southern Peru. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in the regions of Ica (2014–2016) and Tacna (2018–2020), I analyze how agribusiness and mining companies deploy distinct strategies of water control that generate similar patterns of unequal access. In Ica, export-oriented agribusiness has expanded into desert areas by depleting aquifers and diverting highland water sources, while in Tacna, copper mining appropriate high-quality water from highland lakes while externalizing environmental impacts. Though these industries employ different technical and institutional mechanisms to secure water access, both rely on sustainability narratives that frame local communities’ water use as inefficient while legitimizing corporate water accumulation. I develop the concept of ’territories of scarcity’ to explain how extractive industries produce water scarcity not merely as a physical condition, but as a socio-political construction that justifies further resource concentration. The comparative analysis reveals how different forms of extraction can generate similar patterns of inequality through distinct configurations of infrastructure, institutions, and legitimizing discourses. These findings contribute to our understanding of how extractive industries reshape resource governance while highlighting the need to examine how distinct types of extraction produce uneven development through particular modes of environmental transformation.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, El gobierno de la carretera(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2025-07-14)Clashes over extractive projects in Peru between the State and peasant communities have increased and expanded throughout the country during the 21st century, despite policies promoting dialogue and negotiation encouraged by various governments. Rather, the use of exceptional regimes, in the form of declaration of state of emergency to address protests, has become normalized, and in some cases, this normalization has allowed for the establishment of authoritarian enclaves. Why are authoritarian enclaves established? How are they governed? What mechanisms make authoritarian government possible? This article studies, analyzing the history of the approval and construction of a mining corridor, how and why the Peruvian State instituted an authoritarian enclave in the surroundings of the Las Bambas mining project, between 2015 and 2020. The analysis is based on three analytical inputs: 1) the reconstruction of the legal-juridical process that institutionalizes the authoritarian enclave, 2) a characterization of the type of government and governmental mechanisms used in this geopolitical space, and 3) an ethnographic account of the dynamics of circulation and immobility that are imposed in the corridor, and reveal the functioning of the authoritarian enclave.1