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Item type:Publication, Perú 2019: crisis política y salida institucional(Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, 2020-01-01)The present article accounts for the events of the year 2019, focusing on the serious political crisis between the government and the Congress and its institutional outcome. The article explains how this crisis escalated in 2019 due to the corruption scandals seriously involving the country's political class. This crisis reached a turning point when President Martn Vizcarra dissolved the Congress in September with high public support. Yet the constitutional order was not broken and both the government and the country exhibited a surprising institutional continuity. Moreover, elections to replace the dissolved Congress were held without major incidents. On the one hand, the article argues that the institutional solution to the political crisis is related to the continuing loss of prestige of the Peruvian political class due to the corruption scandals. The possibility of social unrest linked to the dissolution of the congress, therefore, decreased. On the other hand, the weakness and flexibility of the Peruvian system made possible the rise of an independent politician to the top of the government, who, fortunately, was an institutionalist rather than an authoritarian leader. The article concludes that the overall outcome was contingent -it does not solve the structural problems of the Peruvian democracy as continuous sources of instability. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Agua y desarrollo. El caso del Proyecto Olmos Tinajones (Lambayeque, Perú)(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE-PUCP), 2022)Since the early twentieth century, a developmentalist wave has attempted to mobilize both foreign aid and capital in Peru. Agriculture has been one of the sectors intervened to promote private investment through technological projects and institutional changes. An example of this phenomenon is the Olmos Tinajones Irrigation and Hidroenergy Project developed in the northern coast of Peru during the 1990s. In this article I outline two central arguments for the discussion on water and development: the institutional and physical transformations that occur in the water sector covertly encrypt asymmetries, and the discourse of the common good that legitimize huge hydraulic projects is eventually captured by corruption schemes that primarily benefit private companies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Provisions, gifts, bribes and loans: the Informaçion General of 1588 and the defense of viceregal authority in 16th century Peru(Universidad de Valladolid, 2021-12-01)Los estudios en torno a la autoridad de los virreyes en América, sus conflictos a nivel local, las acusaciones de mal gobierno y los mecanismos para controlar su desempeño han dado nuevas luces sobre la naturaleza del orden político virreinal, los alcances y límites del poder monárquico y la dinámica de constante negociación puesta. Este artículo analiza la Informaçión Original llevada a cabo en 1588 por el conde del Villar, virrey del Perú, que más allá de una auto fiscalización, fue una estrategia para recomponer su autoridad e imagen como actor político legítimo en el escenario peruano. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The effects of corruption on growth, human development and natural resources sector: empirical evidence from a Bayesian panel VAR for Latin American and Nordic countries(Emerald, 2021-03-08)The of this paper is to analyze the effects of corruption on economic growth, human development and natural resources in Latin American and Nordic countries. Design/methodology/approach Using the hierarchical prior of Gelman et al. (2003), a Bayesian panel Vector AutoRegression (VAR) model is estimated. In addition, two alternative approaches are considered, namely, a panel error correction VAR model and an asymmetric panel VAR model. Findings The results reveal some relevant contrasts: (1) in Latin America there is support for the sand the wheels hypothesis in Bolivia and Chile, support for the grease the wheels hypothesis in Colombia and no significant impact of corruption on growth in Brazil and Peru, while in Nordic countries the response of growth to shocks in corruption is negative in all cases; (2) corruption negatively affects human development in all countries from both regions; (3) corruption tends to spur natural resources sector in Latin American countries, while it is detrimental for natural resources sector in Nordic countries. Research limitations/implications The panel VAR approach uses recursive scheme identification. The authors have analyzed robustness using alternative ordering of the variables. The authors also have followed two alternatives suggested by the Referee: a panel error correction VAR model and a panel asymmetric VAR model. However, another more sophisticated identification scheme could be used. Also other variables could be introduced in the VAR model. Practical implications Regardless of the issue of the “grease” vs the “sand the wheels” debate, corruption should be reduced because it is anyway harmful for human development. The differences in the results for Latin American and Nordic countries show that the effects of corruption have to be assessed considering the different institutional and economic conditions of the countries analyzed. Social implications Governments should seek to reduce corruption because, despite corruption can have mixed effects on economic growth in some contexts, it is anyway harmful for human development. Besides, the finding that in some Latin American countries more activity in the extractive industries is generated by means of corruption confirm the association between corruption and extractivism found by Gudynas (2017) and can explain why there are issues of environmental damage and social conflict linked to natural resources in those countries. Originality/value The present study contributes to the literature by presenting evidence on the effects of corruption on growth, human development and natural resources sector in Latin American and Nordic countries. It is the first study on economics of corruption which directly compares Latin American and Nordic countries. This is relevant because there are important differences between both regions since Latin American countries tend to suffer from widespread corruption, while the Nordic ones have a high level of transparency. It is also the first in using a Bayesian panel VAR approach in order to evaluate the effects of corruption. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, A cracked public administration in Peru: How “Vacunagate” has shaken the foundations of an already damaged society(EAFIT University, 2022-12-12)While crises are ubiquitous in Latin America, due to its geographical characteristics as well as its turbulent business environment, countries such as Peru have also extreme rates of corruption and deep institutional weakness. These factors, taken together, undermine any attempt of national governments or society’s collective efforts towards achieving sustainability. This paper aims to analyze the “Vacunagate” scandal that occurred in Peru during the first negotiations of the vaccination process against COVID-19, using a case study method, and focusing our discussion from the Agency Theory as well as from leadership and institutional perspectives. The results of the analysis emphasize how the “Vacunagate” event generated relevant constraints towards the achievement of the SDG 16, and its specific targets related to provide justice for all, deal with organized crime, reduce corruption, and create accountable institutions. In addition, the study provides insights and implications for organizations in Peru that would have to operate under a turbulent business environment, considering a business-as-usual corruption and a weak institutional context. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The trail of Gyges. A secular philosophical controversy on the problem of corruption(Departamento de Literatura Espaà ±ola-Universidad de Sevilla, 2022-01-01)Utilizo el legendario relato sobre el anillo de Giges de la República de Platón para hacer una reflexión de mayor alcance sobre el modo en que se ha concebido en la historia de la filosofía el problema de la conducta humana corrupta: de sus motivaciones, sus presupuestos, sus consecuencias y también de las formas de combatirla. Me refiero a dos grandes tradiciones: en primer lugar, a la que llamo la tradición escéptica y estratégica, partidaria en líneas generales de la tesis de Glaucón, y, en segundo lugar, a la tradición opuesta, la defendida por Sócrates en el diálogo, y que podría considerarse, por contraste con la anterior, filantrópica y cívica. Concluyo con una reflexión ligada a nuestra época, apoyándome en las tesis de Richard Rorty en su último libro Forjar nuestro país - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Reparto del poder, artimañas y consejos para el exitoso gobierno del virreinato del Perú en los siglos XVI y XVII(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-10-18)This article analyzes how distribution of power between peninsular institutions and the viceroys coexisted with the legal and informal channels that were established to accommodate the aspirations of various viceregal groups. Although the power of the viceroys and the elites had increased since the end of the 16th century, under the protection of buoyant mining production, the polysynodial system did not allow Peruvian elites to rise within it. This resulted in a system circumvented through tricks, advice, and even by evading laws and corrupting patronage, which would end up vitiating the system of gifts that had previously worked successfully and allowed the union of the Hispanic empire in the beginnings of modern Europe. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Transfer and interruptions in anticorruption policies in Guatemala (2013–2019)(SAGE Publishing, 2024-10-23)Guatemala ranks last in the region in terms of the penetration and perception of state corruption ranking 149th out of 180 countries. Therefore it has promoted anti-corruption initiatives such as the International Commission Against Impunity (CICIG 2007–2019). The CICIG was a unique public policy initiative worldwide with international community support and significant progress in reducing corruption. However what were the main failures encountered during the implementation process of the CICIG? This comparative individual case study analyzes two factors: sustainability and capacity building. The explanations for the CICIG’s disruptions are not understood exclusively as the absence of state capacity much less because of its design. My qualitative research delves into endogenous political contexts (client networks resilience). The research identifies some fissures in implementation and draws lessons that can be extrapolated to public policy in Latin America. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Paraguay 2022: Personalization Within a Strong Party System(Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, 2023-01-01)The year 2022 in Paraguay was marked by internal elections of political parties and scandals related to corruption, insecurity, and organized crime. Former president Horacio Cartes was elected as the new president of the governing ANR, and his candidate, Santiago Peña, won the ANR internal elections to become the ruling party’s presidential candidate in 2023. The article argues that in this context, the two traditional parties opted, paradoxically, for opposing strategies, albeit with strong personalistic elements in both cases. In a political system characterized by a combination of personalistic politics and strong party machines, Cartes achieved to dominate the political scene, despite accusations of corruption against him. We argue that he diverted the attention from the corruption charges to conservative anti-gender issues in the public agenda and used this discourse to win ANR internal elections in the second half of the year. We also show that the ossification of the Paraguayan party system had negative consequences for democracy in the country in 2022, related to the personalization of political parties, corruption scandals in politics, and increased public insecurity and drug trafficking. Although party system collapse is unlikely, we conclude the article by showing that Paraguay can offer some comparative lessons for democracy in other Latin American countries. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Corrupting Climate Change Institutions from the Inside: Systemic Collusion in the Peruvian Forest Governance(Elsevier BV, 2023-11-28)This article aims to contribute to the literature on natural resource corruption by analyzing the subnational political economy behind the little enforcement of anticorruption policies. Building on the political ecology approach to corruption, this article focuses on how economic and political interest colludes in a hybrid or ambivalent system that reproduces over and over corrupt practices. Zooming on the subnational case of Ucayali, we find four main factors contributing to understanding the poor enforcement of subnational governments of new forest regulations to reduce deforestation. The first one is infrastructural capacity, which is essential to understand the issue at hand, but it alone is insufficient to comprehend the systemic corruption in the forest sector. A second factor is the decentralization process and the subnational political economy. Our analysis shows the importance of economic and political dynamics at the subnational level in shaping national anti-corruption and deforestation reforms. A third element to consider is the divergent perspectives on the development of the Amazon. While in Peru, the environmental sector has witnessed significant growth at the national level, it still holds limited political influence. Conversely, positions advocating for economic activities that adversely impact the Amazon forest, such as extensive agriculture, exert more control over the region. A fourth factor is the historical marginalization of indigenous groups, who can serve as valuable allies in driving reforms.