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The Subnational Indigenous Quota in Peru: The Paradoxes of Political Representation
(Cambridge University Press, 2020-08-01)
ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to explain the territorial variation in indigenous political representation at the subnational level in Peru. The Peruvian state introduced a weak indigenous electoral quota, and its effects have varied across provinces. This article presents a typology that combines descriptive and substantive dimensions of political representation. Using a subnational comparative method, the four cases studied illustrate distinct dynamics. The article argues that these differing dynamics are explained by a combination of sociostructural variables (i.e., political articulation and cohesion of indigenous organizations as a result of a conflict) and individual variables (i.e., candidates’ political capital). This article demonstrates how, even in an institutionally adverse environment that does not feature ethnic parties, both descriptive and substantive indigenous political representation can be achieved, and that these two dimensions are not necessarily related. The article is based on fieldwork and interviews with key provincial political actors.
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Multilevel Research Designs: Case Selection, Levels of Analysis, and Scope Conditions
(Springer, 2020-12-01)
Subnational research in comparative politics has been growing steadily in the last two decades. However, methodological advances have been rather limited. This article builds upon Snyder’s (Stud Comp Int Dev 36(1):93–110, 2001) subnational comparative method and extends its logic to the comparison of subnational units from different countries. It proposes a novel typology of multilevel research designs that focuses particularly on cross-national small-N analysis (CSNA). This research design offers three different logics of qualitative case selection to achieve a sound trade-off between internal and external validity. This article analyzes the advantages and limitations of the underlying logics of CSNA and illustrates their use with recent empirical research from Latin American countries. It concludes by highlighting its versatility and offers a series of best practices in order to produce more generalizable findings than the majority of single-country subnational comparisons.
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Snowball sampling and Facebook: how social media can help access hard-to-reach populations
(Cambridge University Press, 2021-10-18)
The snowball sampling method (SSM) is one of the most widely used methods to collect information about hard-to-reach populations and in low-information contexts. This article argues that SSM can be enhanced by the use of Facebook in at least three ways. This social-networking site helps to address some of the inherent limitations of SSM by learning about local contexts and identifying principal political actors, by gathering background information about and establishing contact with them, and by triangulating information they provide and reaching out to additional key informants. Thus, this article shows how Facebook can provide leverage in overcoming the problem of biased samples and offers concrete empirical illustrations from research on local politics in Latin American countries.
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The Mayors on the agenda: An analysis of the studies on subnational politics and local executives in Latin American political science journals (2010–2022)
(Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, 2024-12-01)
After decentralization reforms in Latin America, the prominence of local political actors, and mayor in particular, has increased significantly in the region. Their role is crucial in the analysis of diverse national and local political phenomena. However, is this importance reflected in the study of subnational politics in Latin America? We argue that the analysis of subnational politics and particularly mayors has received a scant attention in Latin American Political Science research. Examining the production of 28 journals published in or focusing on Latin America between 2010 and 2022, we show that —with ample variation between the journals— only 6,59% of the almost 8,000 reviews articles focus on subnational politics and only 0,79% study the role of mayors in local politics. Using empirical examples from recent studies, we show why these findings are disconcerting.
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Representation in Local Elections in Latin America? National Political Parties and Other Candidates to City Halls
(Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation (CEDLA), 2023-01-01)
Latin American countries allow for the political participation of different types of candidates in local elections. Institutional reforms in recent decades have tended to open up local electoral competition, allowing for a greater presence of alternative candidacies to parties. This article explores the presence of mayors from national political parties versus alternative candidacies and their relationship with national legislation on the type of electoral candidacies allowed in each country. The study argues that while there is much variation across countries, party-governed mayorships are the most common and local executives led by alternative candidacies are not necessarily as numerous. On the one hand, using descriptive statistics, the findings show that the presence of new actors is rather concentrated in urban and more socio-economically developed areas. On the other hand, using secondary literature from different Latin American countries, the article shows that the perceived crisis of representation is due to three aspects of national party candidacies, related to the type of people who form them, their relationship with political parties, and the relationship of local party branches with their national counterparts. The research is based on the electoral results of almost 10,000 municipalities in 15 Latin American countries in the mid-2010s.
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Democratizing Urban Governance Through Mayoral Term Limits: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from a Reform in Chilean Municipalities
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-09-01)
Term limits on elected mayors are often advocated because they eliminate the incumbency advantage and promote higher representativeness and citizen participation through a more open and reinvigorated electoral competition in local governments. We examine whether key dimensions of local democracy (election competitiveness, turnout, invalid voting, descriptive representation of women) are affected by the imposition of term limits. This article uses a quasi-experimental technique (difference-in-differences design) which leverages a unique and rare institutional reform in Chile that exogenously imposed term limits on some - but not all - mayors in 2020. The as-good-as random assignment of municipalities to either group allows to exploit comparisons which yield robust causal estimates. The overall contribution of term limits to local democracy has been positive because they promote electoral competition, the emergence of female candidates and voter participation, as well as reduce invalid voting rates.
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Clientelism and Vote Buying in Latin America: Lessons from Comparing Paraguay and Guatemala
(Universidad de Los Andes, 2025-04-16)
Objective/context: Four decades after democratization in Latin America, particularistic ties—such as clientelism and vote buying—continue to exist between politicians and citizens in the region. This article seeks to understand how these practices have evolved over recent decades. Methodology: This study first draws on an original database encompassing all empirical articles from twenty-two Latin American political science journals and six Latin Americanist journals published between 2010 and 2022. It then examines two prototypical case studies based on secondary literature and press reviews. Conclusions: This article puts forward two main arguments. On one hand, clientelism and vote buying are relatively understudied in the region's leading journals, and there are distinct conceptual, methodological, and empirical approaches in Spanish- and English-language scholarship. On the other hand, the article argues that, with the weakening of Latin American political parties, the overall logic of particularistic ties in the region is shifting from party-based clientelism (as seen in Paraguay) toward vote buying through independent local leaders (as seen in Guatemala). Originality: This article contributes to the literature on the transformation of particularistic ties and how they are studied in Latin America. First, it provides an original content analysis of Latin American and Latin Americanist journals from 2010 to 2022. Second, it synthesizes the main features of clientelism and vote buying in Paraguay and Guatemala—two relatively understudied cases that, despite showing high levels of particularistic practices, serve as prototypical examples of these two phenomena.
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