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Item type:Publication, Autocracy promotion in the Americas? Scrutinizing the effect of China and Russia on democracy protection in Venezuela and Nicaragua(Routledge, 2025-01-01)Despite sanctions, mediation initiatives and other democracy protection policies implemented by international actors, authoritarianism has consolidated in Venezuela and Nicaragua. This article scrutinizes two possible explanations for the failure of democracy protection: first, the role of China and Russia in helping regime survival, and second, cooperation problems among democracy promoters which increase the odds of regime survival. The article concludes that while China and Russia have been important sources of support for Venezuela and Nicaragua, they are ill-conceptualized as “autocracy promoters", and that their capacity to curb democracy protection policies has been hitherto limited. Instead, democracy protection has been mainly impaired by policy inconsistencies and weak commitment to multilateralism among democracy promoters. Policymakers are well advised to focus on strengthening the multilateral frameworks for democracy protection and promotion, rather than obsess with external interference. Yet, this might prove to be easier to say than do.2 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, A Demand-side Explanation of Offshore Autocratic Assistance: The Case of China and Russia and the Consolidation of Authoritarianism in Venezuela(Routledge, 2026-01-01)When do authoritarian incumbents request the assistance of autocratic powers located several thousand kilometres away? What type of assistance do they request? While most of the literature focuses on the supply of assistance by autocratic powers, the framework proposed here puts the incumbents that request assistance at the centre. This is tested by looking at the inter-state relations between Nicolás Maduro's regime in Venezuela and two offshore autocratic powers: the People's Republic of China and Russia. We process-trace the different types and intensities of domestic and international threats to the regime's survival, the high-level contacts between the authorities of these regimes and the various types of assistance that Venezuela requested during the period of autocratic consolidation between 2014-23. The proposed demand-side framework is instrumental in understanding offshore autocratic assistance in which the strategic motivations of the autocratic powers for 'promoting authoritarianism' are less clear than in the case of autocratic collaboration within a sphere of influence.