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Item type:Publication, Seismic numerical analysis of an Inca stone wall in Sacsayhuaman using rigid body dynamics within a finite element framework(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-07-01)The study and conservation of the stone heritage is a global concern, mainly when the buildings are in seismic zones. Stone structures can be very simple or considerably complex, depending on their style and form of construction. A clear example is the Inca architecture in Peru, which has different and complex typologies due to its cultural diversity. Inca structures of remarkable heritage value are in Cusco, an area of active cortical faults that might produce a seismic event at any time. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the knowledge of the seismic vulnerability analysis of Inca's stone walls by using the dynamics of rigid bodies (within the finite element method) to evaluate the possible out-of-plane failure mechanisms. This methodology allows for reducing the high number of degrees of freedom usually considered when modelling an entire irregular large stone wall by other approaches, such as continuum models. A wall section from the archaeological site of Sacsayhuaman (Cusco, Peru) is analysed as a case study. Each stone is discretised and modelled as a rigid body, and the interaction among blocks is evaluated within a finite element numerical framework. The structure's predominant frequencies are evaluated using updated methods such as white noise and sinusoidal signals. Then, a non-linear dynamic analysis of the studied wall is performed considering three Peruvian seismic records. The analyses show that the structure could suffer significant damage and endanger its structural stability for cortical earthquakes with a Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) greater than 0.2 g. Considering the historical significance of these structures, the analysis of Inca stone walls' seismic safety accounts for potential residual movements between individual stones. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Numerical simulation of Peruvian RC wall buildings using an efficient beam-based model(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024-01-01)In countries of high seismicity, such as Peru and Chile, the typical medium-to high-story buildings use reinforced concrete (RC) walls as their lateral load-resisting system owing to an overall satisfactory behaviour in previous seismic events. The advent of performance-based methods for seismic design of buildings demands nonlinear structural models that are efficient, reliable, and easy to calibrate. In the case of RC wall structures, such models have to consider the prominent flexure-shear interaction of wall members. This study employs an efficient beam-based computational model considering flexure-shear interaction to simulate the seismic response of three prototype RC wall structures representative of modern Peruvian buildings. These structures' geometrical, reinforcement and loading conditions were determined by analyzing a database of 20 buildings constructed in Peru between 2010 and 2022. The wall computational model, developed in OpenSees, uses fibre-based beam-column elements to simulate the flexural response and a zero-length element connected in series for the shear response. Uniaxial concrete and steel laws are combined with appropriate regularization and fatigue criteria to reproduce flexural failures due to concrete crushing and bar fracture. Shear deformations and failure are modelled using a phenomenological trilinear shear force-deformation model in the zero-length element, which is affected by the flexure demands to consider flexure-shear interaction effects. Nonlinear analyses of the wall structures were conducted with the proposed modelling approach. The research aims to study the typical failure of RC wall buildings, their displacement capacity, and the displacement and shear force demands. The nonlinear evaluation shows that displacement capacity averages 11.2‰ total drift. A primary failure mode corresponds to concrete crushing of walls by flexural deformation because of their highest axial load and lower confinement zones. The rare earthquake demands an average of 8.4‰ total drift in the flexible direction of the buildings, and the average amplification over the shear design force is 3.1 in both directions.