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Item type:Publication, Seismic Assessment of the Lima Cathedral Bell Towers via Kinematic and Nonlinear Static Pushover Analyses(Taylor and Francis Inc.325 Chestnut St, Suite 800PhiladelphiaPA 19106, 2020-07-02)The protection of cultural heritage against earthquake induced actions is one of the main challenges the earthquake engineering science and practice are facing. This article presents a seismic assessment study on one of the most ancient colonial buildings present in Peru, the Cathedral of Lima, focusing on its towers. A historical review highlighted how these structures, together with the whole Cathedral, suffered intense damage and partial collapse during previous earthquakes. In order to identify the structure main deficiencies, both linear kinematic analyses and nonlinear static analyses have been performed. Different nonlinear finite element models have been created to evaluate the influence of the adjacent walls. Different load distributions have been compared to evaluate how simplified patterns could provide results close to load distributions taken from a modal analysis of the complex. A simple retrofit strategy, consisting on the introduction of steel ties, has also been studied as a reference. Results show good correlation between kinematic and pushover analyses. The construction, when compared to the requirements of the national code for new buildings, results significantly vulnerable, pointing out the need to accept some structural damage even after seismic retrofit. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Experimental and analytical bond behaviour of masonry strengthened with steel reinforced grout (SRG)(Elsevier, 2020-03-30)Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) is gaining popularity as a retrofitting system for structural elements due to advantages such as its effectiveness and ease of installation. The good performance of SRG system has turned out to be substantially dependent on the behaviour of the bond between the composite layer and the substrate. This paper presents an experimental study of the bond behaviour of Peruvian masonry strengthened with SRG, along with a characterization of the materials by means of direct tensile tests on the fiber and compression tests on the mortar. The criteria of the sample's geometry, construction and test procedure are discussed for each trial since up to now there has been a gap in the standards that control them. In addition, an analytical model is employed in order to obtain design bond parameters to define a Cohesive Material Law (CML). The strain profile, slip profile, force profile and shear stress profile along the length of the bond are presented for each bond test. Finally, an optimal bond length is proposed for SRG material and a fracture energy value at the matrix-fiber interface. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Out-of-plane analysis of dry-stone walls using a pseudo-static experimental and numerical approach in scaled-down specimens(Elsevier, 2021)The objective of the present work is to study the response of dry stone walls subjected to out-of-plane forces and the influence of block`s rugosity, joint arrangement, and border conditions. For this purpose, a series of scaled-down experimental tests on a tilting table and 3D numerical modelling using discrete elements, DEM, are proposed. In the numerical model, the applicability of some types of discrete elements is first studied. The preliminary analysis gives us useful information about the effects of the joint disposition and the border conditions in the response. Finally, the sensitivity of the response of the blocks to the parameter’s variations is analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that the DEM method is adequate to simulate the failure mode, the displacement, and the lateral load of stone walls due to out-of-plane lateral loads considering the effect of the irregularity of the blocks, joint arrangement, and border conditions. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Rope mesh as a seismic reinforcement for two‑storey adobe Buildings(2022)Throughout the world, millions of people are at risk because they live in unreinforced earthen dwellings, which have consistently shown extremely poor structural behaviour during earthquakes. Every single earthquake occurring in these areas has caused unacceptable loss of life, injuries, and property damage. Earthquakes are recurrent and construction damage is cumulative. It is urgent, therefore, to devise low-cost, easy-to-implement seismic reinforcement systems and to make them available to the actual dwellers. A group of researchers at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú has been working towards that goal, especially on improving the seismic capacity of one-storey adobe dwellings. They have proposed construction methodologies for a seismic reinforcement system consisting of a mesh of nylon ropes that confines all earthen walls. This reinforcement system would control the wall displacements and prevent the overturning of wall portions that may occur due to seismic shaking. To validate the effectiveness of the nylon rope mesh reinforcement on two-storey adobe dwellings, shaking table tests were conducted on unreinforced and half-scale reinforced adobe models, simulating the actions of slight, moderate and strong seismic ground shaking. These models were designed to include the main construction features of typical adobe dwellings in the Peruvian Andes. The results of the experimental tests showed that the rope mesh reinforcement system was able to preserve the structural stability of the tested reduced-scale adobe models under strong motions, thus preventing collapse. It is expected that the proposed reinforced system would also improve the seismic performance of one and two-storey adobe dwellings, reducing in this way their inherent high seismic risk. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Building constructions characteristics and mechanical properties of confined masonry walls in San Miguel (Puno-Peru)(2022)House self-construction and self-management are very common in different cities in Peru, which is the case in several areas in the district of San Miguel (Puno). This is due to the lack of financial resources to hire professionals to design and construct their houses. Therefore, many residents build without technical guidance and materials without quality standards. As a result, the buildings in the area have various construction pathologies that demonstrate their high seismic vulnerability, which indicates that the guidelines established in the Peruvian Masonry Design Code NTE 070 are not followed. Therefore, as a first step towards evaluating the seismic vulnerability of the houses in San Miguel, it was decided to evaluate the construction pathologies and typologies by conducting a survey. Subsequently, to characterize and evaluate the physical-mechanical properties of the masonry walls, 24 piles and 24 small walls were built and tested. The materials tested were obtained from the urban area of the same study place. According to the experimental tests, it was observed that the axial compression and diagonal shear values of the prisms are lower than the minimum values specified in the Peruvian Construction Code, and this would increase the seismic vulnerability of the constructions. Therefore, many of the houses in the district could suffer significant damage and even collapse in a seismic event. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Structural survey and empirical seismic vulnerability assessment of dwellings in the historical centre of Cusco, Peru(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021-01-01)This paper deals with the seismic vulnerability assessment of dwellings in the historic centre of Cusco (Peru), one of the most important UNESCO sites in the world. This activity is framed within a cooperation agreement between the University of Chieti-Pescara (Italy), the Andina University del Cusco (Peru), the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru and the Cusco Municipality (Peru) whose main focus is the seismic risk evaluation of the whole historic centre. Following a discussion on the development of the historic centre and the main construction typologies, the paper presents the main outcomes of an extensive in-situ survey for collecting structural information on the buildings. Statistics regarding the data are given and shown in a GIS environment. The collected data are then used to implement an empirical model for the seismic vulnerability assessment of a significant part of the historic centre. The model is derived using a methodology already proposed by the authors for Italian historic centres. The original model is adapted to the peculiarities of the structural typologies found in Cusco. Finally, fragility curves are derived and used in order to assess the potential seismic vulnerability reduction achieved by applying proper retrofitting interventions at the large scale. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ¿Y si viene un terremoto?(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2021)El Perú se encuentra ubicado en una zona de alta actividad sísmica. Se localiza sobre la zona de subducción de las placas Nazca y Sudamericana, que se mueven —en promedio— a razón de 70 mm al año una debajo de la otra. De acuerdo con el Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), un terremoto de 8.5 Mw podría ocurrir en cualquier momento frente a la costa de Lima. Si bien no se sabe a ciencia cierta y con certeza cuándo va a haber un terremoto, se sabe que va a ocurrir y que podría ocasionar daños en nuestra realidad.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, State of the Art of Earthquake Resistant Earthen Construction in Colombia and Peru: From Laboratory and Numerical Research to a Latin American Construction Standard(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2026-01-01)The construction of earthen buildings is an ancient practice that cultures worldwide have used for centuries. These construction methods are experiencing a renaissance due to their sustainability, low cost, and reduced carbon footprint, which are goals to be achieved according to the 2030 Agenda. For this reason, earthen materials have become an attractive option for housing construction in Latin America and initiatives for research programs in Europe. However, several earthquakes have shown that rammed earth and adobe buildings are vulnerable, so this type of construction must have a reinforcement system. Despite regulations for designing and reinforcing earthen buildings in different countries, only Peru and Colombia have conducted comprehensive experimental and numerical research on earthen constructions in Latin America. Using the continent’s top structural laboratories, Colombian and Peruvian researchers have performed shaking table tests on housing modules and pseudo-static tests on entire and half-scale walls to probe different strengthening materials. Some of these reinforcement alternatives have given the earthen houses adequate strength and displacement capacity for moderate to high-intensity earthquakes. Based on the above, this document summarizes and discusses the experimental work conducted by different researchers and the general guidelines for a Latin American standard for the design of earthquake-resistant earthen dwellings, considering the construction methods and reinforcement techniques that have been validated in the continent during the last 50 years. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Preliminary Assessment of the Seismic Reduction Factor (R) in Adobe Walls(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2026-01-01)Globally, disasters have been increasing in frequency, causing significant economic and human losses; however, there remains a clear lack of knowledge focused on disaster preparedness. Lima, the capital of Peru, faces multiple hazards, including debris fl1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Seismic Performance Assessment of RC Wall Buildings with Low Boundary Confinement using a Nonlinear Beam-Based Model(Elsevier, 2026-07-12)The performance and safety of modern reinforced concrete (RC) wall buildings with limited boundary confinement remains uncertain in countries with evolving design practices and moderate-to-high seismicity. This paper presents a numerical assessment of their seismic response through nonlinear analyses conducted on 20 code-conforming prototype buildings, developed after examining typical design and detailing characteristics of RC wall buildings constructed in Peru between 2010 and 2023. The analyses employed an efficient beam-based modelling approach for walls that accounts for axial–shear–flexure interaction, previously validated with experimental data. The nonlinear static analyses show ultimate roof drift ratios with an average of 1.35% (ranging from 0.85% to 2.53%) and overstrength ratios with an average of 2.43 (ranging from 1.78 to 3.54), indicating moderate deformation capacity with significant variability across building heights, with failure primarily governed by concrete crushing at wall boundaries under flexural deformations. Their limited displacement capacity is attributed to high axial load ratios, slender wall geometries, low aspect ratios, reduced confinement zones, and low transverse reinforcement ratios. For the design basis earthquake (DBE), displacements obtained from nonlinear dynamic analyses exceeded code expectations by an average factor of 1.6, with displacement demand/capacity ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.83. Under the maximum considered earthquake (MCE), an average displacement demand/capacity ratio of 0.90 was reached, and multiple buildings experienced global failure. These results suggest that code-based designs may underestimate seismic demands, leading to insufficient seismic joints, greater damage to structural and non-structural elements, and increased collapse risk. The findings provide insight into the vulnerability of RC wall buildings with low boundary confinement in Peru and across other Latin American countries with similar design practices and seismic hazard.