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Item type:Publication, Evaluation of the Seismic Force Reduction Factor (R) for Adobe Walls Design(Taylor & Francis, 2026-01-01)Earth-based construction (particularly adobe and rammed earth) continues to provide housing for nearly a quarter of the world's population, reflecting its economic accessibility and deep cultural roots. Yet, despite its widespread use, seismic design for earthen structures remains anchored in allowable-stress methods that mirror the material's brittle nature, rather than adopting performance-based frameworks centred on ductility, energy dissipation, and overstrength. Adobe's low tensile strength and limited deformation capacity constrain seismic energy dissipation, leading to brittle in-plane behaviour. Advancing force-reduction-based design thus requires experimental quantification of ductility and overstrength. This study analyses full-scale in-plane cyclic tests on adobe walls with intermediate slenderness. Capacity curves were used to estimate seismic reduction factors through three approaches: an energy-based method, a bilinear idealisation incorporating ductility and overstrength, and a demand-spectrum procedure aligned with SEAOC. Results indicate limited yet measurable ductility and moderate overstrength. Under controlled performance objective, a global reduction factor of R ≈ 1.5 is proposed for unreinforced adobe walls, assuming out-of-plane instability is prevented, thereby defining applicability limits. These findings provide an experimental basis for integrating earthen construction into contemporary seismic design frameworks, thereby supporting safer, more resilient applications in regions where adobe remains a primary building material for housing.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Bedforms Characterization of the Magdalena River Estuary: A Comparative Analysis Using the Mahalanobis Distance(Wiley, 2026-02-01)This study presents the first detailed characterization of bedforms within the Magdalena River Estuary (MRE), a large tropical estuary with marked seasonal variability. Three sets of high‐resolution bathymetric surveys conducted under contrasting climatological conditions were used to quantify bedform morphology and analyze their temporal and spatial variability. Bedform dynamics were linked to hydrodynamic and sedimentologic processes previously documented for the MRE. The bedforms of the MRE were compared with those of several estuaries and rivers using a newly introduced statistical approach based on the Mahalanobis distance applied to bedform geometric parameters. This statistical method measures the difference between a set of features and a reference group, allowing for the comparison of bedform characteristics across systems. The results show that during the low‐discharge season, salt‐wedge intrusion into the MRE inhibits the development of bedforms, resulting in a lower‐stage plane bed, whereas larger dunes become predominant along the river channel when the salt wedge is flushed out of the estuary during high discharges. However, the symmetric shape of these dunes reflects the tidal influence on the river channel dynamics even during high discharges. The Mahalanobis distance demonstrated a quantitative framework for discriminating between fluvial (unidirectional) and estuarine (bidirectional) flow regimes based on bedform geometry. This research also proposes a nomenclature for standardizing geometric features in bedform studies.1