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Item type:Publication, Realization of the Tripartite Alignment in Amahuaca: Synchronic Analysis and Diachronic Explanation(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2023-09-27)The native language Amahuaca (Panoan family, Peru) features a cross-linguistically unusual tripartite case-marking system whereby the subjects of intransitive and transitive verbs are signaled by means of the enclitics =x and =n, respectively, whereas the objects do not bear any morphological marking (Sparing-Chávez, 2007/2012; Clem, 2019a; among others). Another salient property of this system is the diverse realizations that nominals display when they host overt case-markers; this is, precisely, the primary focus of the present article. While these manifestations might initially appear erratic, our analysis reveals that the realizations of the marked nominals are highly predictable, especially when we posit the presence of a latent consonant that emerges phonetically in the context of =x and =n. From a diachronic perspective, we argue that this allomorphic variabil-ity can be linked to a rule proposed by Shell (1975), which is believed to have affected trisyllabic items in the protolanguage. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The forgotten mid vowels(John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2026-07-10)This study re-examines the phonological inventory of Proto-Pano, challenging the prevailing view that it had only four oral vowels. Through a comparative analysis of 23 contemporary Pano languages/varieties, we reconstruct a Proto-Pano system with two additional mid vowels, proposing a six-vowel inventory. This finding diverges from all previous reconstructions, which overlooked historically significant distributional differences between mid vowels in Northern Pano languages, Kakataibo, and Kaxarari. We argue that Pano mid vowels exhibit both conservative and innovative traits, questioning the assumption that all Pano mid vowels are innovations. Our analysis highlights the role of merger in shaping Pano phonological diversity, supporting a six-vowel reconstruction as a more accurate reflection of the comparative data. This revised perspective underscores the importance of carefully analyzing sound correspondence patterns and offers new insights into the historical evolution and internal classification of the Pano language family. Additionally, it calls for a thorough revision of previous Proto-Pano reconstructions and opens promising avenues for future research on the Pano-Takana stock.