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Item type:Publication, Ecosyndemics: The potential synergistic health impacts of highways and dams in the Amazon(Elsevier, 2020-05-15)Ecosyndemics refer to disease interactions that result from environmental changes commonly caused by humans. In this paper, we push scholarship on ecosyndemics into new territory by using the ecosyndemic framework to compare two case studies—the Southern Interoceanic highway in Peru and the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam in Brazil—to assess the likelihood of socio-environmental factors interacting and leading to ill health in a syndemic fashion. Assessing these two case studies using an ecosyndemic perspective, we find that the construction of dams and highways in tropical forests create the conditions for increases in vector-borne illnesses, surges in sex work and sexually-transmitted infections, and increased psychological stress resulting from violence, delinquency, and the erosion of social cohesion. We suggest that these processes could interact synergistically to increase an individual's immune burden and a population's overall morbidity. However, we find differences in the impacts of the Interoceanic highway and the Belo Monte dam on food, water, and cultural systems, and observed that community and corporate-level actions may bolster health in the face of rapid socio-ecological change. Looking at the case studies together, a complex picture of vulnerability and resilience, risk and opportunity, complicates straight-forward predictions of ecosyndemic interactions resulting from these development projects but highlights the role that the ecosyndemic concept can play in informing health impact assessments and future research. We conclude by proposing a conceptual model of the potential interactions between psychological stress, vector-borne illnesses, and sexaully-transmitted infections and suggest that future investigations of synergistic interactions among these factors draw from the biological, social, and ecological sciences. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Water insecurity and gender-based violence: Exploring links and steps for prevention. A comparative study of Indonesian and Peruvian women(European Organization for Nuclear Research, 2022-02-10)Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most prevalent public health threats in the world today, withas many as one in four women affected. Household water insecurity is the inability to access and benefitfrom affordable, adequate, reliable and safe water for well-being and healthy living. Thus, this researchseeks to explore whether water insecurity is associated with gender-based violence in the home and, if so,under what circumstances in Sumba, Indonesia, and Tambogrande, Peru. For this, a mixed methodology was designed, with qualitative and quantitative instruments. In the case ofPeru, 358 surveys were applied to adult women from two populated centers, Community 1, which has a totalpopulation of 1,771, and Community 2, which has a total population of 941, both located in rural areas.from Tambogrande, Piura. 51 in-depth interviews and 5 participatory workshops were also carried outwith the communities and local public servants. With this, it is sought that the results help to identifypolicies and practices that contribute to the vulnerability or resilience of women. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Water insecurity and gender-based violence: a global review of the evidence(Wiley, 2022-10-03)We reviewed the existing literature documenting the association between water insecurity and gender‐based violence to (1) describe the characteristics and contexts of available studies, and (2) identify and classify documented gender‐based violence across domains of water insecurity (access, affordability, adequacy, reliability, and safety). 18 peer‐reviewed articles mentioned associations between water insecurity and gender‐based violence. All studies were conducted in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia and were published in English. The most common manifestation of the relationship between water insecurity and gender‐based violence was an increased risk of sexual and physical violence for women who walked long distances to access water. This was followed by intimate partner violence sparked by the inability to meet domestic obligations due to household water inadequacy. Despite these trends, the domains of water insecurity, and the types of violence experienced by women, were often intertwined. We conclude that there is a dearth of information assessing gender‐based violence and water insecurity, especially in Latin America, North America, and Southeast Asia, and involving locally‐based scholars. We suggest that the spectrum of what is considered “violence” in relation to water insecurity be expanded and that scholars and practitioners adopt the term “gender‐based water violence” to describe water‐related stressors that are so extreme as to threaten human health and well‐being, particularly that of women and girls. Finally, we encourage the development of cross‐culturally validated measures of gender‐based violence, which can be deployed in conjunction with standardized measures of water insecurity, to evaluate interventions that target these linked threats to global health. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water > Rights to Water - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Water insecurity, self-reported physical health, and objective measures of biological health in the Peruvian Amazon(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022-12-01)Objectives: This study examines the associations between water insecurity, self-reported physical health, and objective measures of biological health among 225 Awajún adults (107 women; 118 men) living in the Peruvian Amazon, a “water-abundant” region. Methods: A survey, which included multiple measures of self-reported physical health, and objective measures of biological health such as blood pressure and nutritional and immune biomarkers. Results: Greater water insecurity was associated with multiple measures of self-reported physical health, including higher incidence of reported diarrhea, nausea, back pain, headaches, chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, overall poor perceived health, and “being sick.” These symptoms align with the physical strain associated with water acquisition and with drinking contaminated water. A significant association between higher water insecurity and lower systolic blood pressure emerged, which may be linked to dehydration. None of the other biomarkers, including those for nutrition, infection, and stress were significantly associated with water insecurity scores. Conclusions: These analyses add to the growing body of research examining the associations between water insecurity and health. Biocultural anthropologists are well-positioned to continue probing these connections. Future research will investigate relationships between measures of water insecurity and biomarkers for gastrointestinal infection and inflammation in water-scarce and water-abundant contexts. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Scoping review of cultural responsivity in interventions to prevent gender-based violence in Latin America(SAGE Publishing, 2024-12-24)In this article, we review existing interventions to prevent gender-based violence (GBV) in Latin American contexts to evaluate the extent to which this work incorporates cultural responsivity-meaning whether the interventions consider the unique norms, identities, and attributes of specific cultures. We follow Arksey and O'Malley's steps for conducting systematic scoping reviews. We reviewed articles from 2003 to 2023 across 12 databases. Fifteen peer-reviewed articles met the criteria for inclusion, which included being published in English or Spanish, focused on proposed or implemented interventions to prevent GBV based in Latin America, and published in the last 20 years. The selected studies contained information about separate GBV interventions (proposed or implemented) in 10 different countries in Latin America, in both rural and urban contexts. We categorized five interventions as most culturally responsive, six studies as moderately culturally responsive, and four studies as showing minimal attention to cultural responsivity. We found that culturally responsive interventions tended to involve working closely with men and women in local communities as "peer facilitators" or "community-based researchers." These interventions challenged socio-cultural norms related to gender, family, and parenting, including attention to machismo and other forms of hegemonic masculinity. The present study is the first one to examine cultural responsiveness within GBV interventions in Latin America, and it is relevant for researchers, service providers, and communities in Latin America who are concerned with preventing GBV. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Water Insecurity Is Associated With Gender-Based Violence: A Mixed-Methods Study in Indonesia(Elsevier BV, 2023-12-17)Gender Based Violence (GBV) is a global pandemic and water insecurity is increasing in intensity and extent. This study explores the association between these two global health threats. Cross-sectional, quantitative data were collected via surveys (n = 365 adult women) to measure household water insecurity (HWI) and women's experiences of GBV in the last year. Qualitative data were collected from semi-structured interviews (n = 24 men and women), two focus group discussions (n = 25 men and women) and a multi-stakeholder meeting (n = 35 men and women) to explore experiences, attitudes and risk factors associated with HWI and GBV. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that women in water insecure households were more than twice as likely to report experiencing GBV in the last year (OR = 2.2, CI: 1.0-4.9, p = 0.051). Examining household water insecurity scores as a continuous variable revealed an increased odds of reporting GBV with each increase in the HWISE score (OR = 1.1, CI: 1.0; 1.1, p < 0.001). Qualitative data indicates that the intersection between HWI, a patriarchal social organization and a caste system produced water-related conflicts between intimate partners, between daughters-in-law and their in-laws, and between masters and enslaved women. These results are presented using an integrated theoretical framework - a Feminist Political Ecology of Health (FPEH) - to illustrate the many ways women encounter and experience multi-dimensional forms of violence across scales in connection to water insecurity. The combination of robust qualitative and quantitative data presented in this study suggests that HWI may be causally related to GBV in this context. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Teenage Pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru: Causes, Consequences and Cycles of Violence and Disadvantage(Taylor & Francis, 2023-04-13)Teenage pregnancy carries adverse consequences for health and well-being. In this article, we investigate the perceived causes, consequences and cycles of violence and disadvantage associated with teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru using an applied anthropological approach. Data were drawn from a larger project investigating the relationship between water insecurity and gender-based violence in Indonesia and Peru. The analysis presented here is derived from 49 semi-structured interviews and 5 focus groups with local community members and stakeholders in Peru. Study participants highlighted two main factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande: machismo and religious deterrents to contraceptive use. Participants described how these factors overlapped, resulting in gendered power imbalances that increased the risk of violence, decreased educational opportunities, and reduced the economic independence of women. However, study participants stated that educational interventions targeting machismo could reduce teenage pregnancy and break the associated cycle of disadvantage. Future research will further investigate local social and gender norms to inform the design of a rights-based educational intervention, targeting upstream factors associated with teenage pregnancy in this area. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Final Report: Strengthening Capacities of Teachers for the Prevention of Gender-Based Violence, Tambograde, Perú(European Organization for Nuclear Research, 2023-01-01)Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most prevalent public health threats in the worldtoday, affecting one in four women in their lifetime (The World Bank, 2019). It is a profoundhealth problem that depletes women's energy, compromises their physical and mental health,and erodes their self-esteem (Rumbidzai C., et al., 2020). The physical and psychologicalconsequences are many, and the literature maintains that in the long term, it could lead tochronic pain, drug and alcohol abuse, and depression among its victims. In Peru, although national statistics indicate that the evolution of family violence towardswomen has decreased between 2009 and 2019, it continues to be a major problem in thecountry. According to the National Observatory of Violence against Women and Members ofthe Family Group, in Piura, 7 out of 10 women are victims of gender-based violence in theirfamily (https://observatorioviolencia.pe/tag/piura/). Likewise, at the local level, according tostatistics from the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations (MIMP), in 2019 the Women’sJustice Center (CEM, for the acronym in spanish) of Tambogrande presented 49 complaints ofpsychological, physical and sexual violence. It has also been reported that prosecution forsexual abuse have increased in the period 2017-2019 (Municipality of Tambogrande, 2021).This information has been contrasted with the results of the research called “Water insecurityand gender-based violence: exploring links and steps for prevention. A comparative study ofIndonesian and Peruvian women” funded by the British Academy, and implemented in thedistrict of Tambogrande, Piura, between 2020 and 2022. The study has identified the normalization of GBV in Tambogrande and the stereotypesabout gender roles in the home, which perpetuate the cyclical nature of GBV. The resultsof the study showed that women are in charge of domestic work, care and childrearing, watercollection, among other unpaid or recognized tasks. This situation has facilitated long-termimpacts such as GBV, teenage pregnancy, increased school dropout among girls andadolescents, and loss of opportunities for women, young people and girls. The local populationrecognized that one of the main causes of GBV and teenage pregnancy is machismo, religionand gender norms. This leaves women more vulnerable, diminishes their educationalopportunities and can lead to early or forced marriages, and prevent or reduce their economicindependence. The results allowed us to identify and recognize that an effective and efficient intervention,proposed by the local stakeholders, was to raise awareness among the population about howthis problem was influencing education. Taking this proposal, the Fe y Alegría Rural NetworkNo. 48, located in Tambogrande, was contacted to develop a strategy tostrengthen capacities with pre-school teachers on issues of prevention and actionagainst GBV. For its implementation, contact was made with an educator from the area with a specialty incurricular design in order to achieve the greatest possible impact. The financing of this activitywas obtained through the Academic Directorate of Social Responsibility with the initiative“RSU Fund from the PUCP” 2023 of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; the call wasaimed at the entire university community for the development of University Social Responsibilityinitiatives. Additional funding was obtained by Willa Poland-McClain, Loyola University studentthrough the CAS Undergraduate Summer Research Experiences program.