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Item type:Publication, Vulnerabilities and exposure of recent informal urban areas in Lima, Peru(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-10-01)Urban areas are experiencing rapid growth, accompanied by significant disorder in Lima Metropolitan area and many other cities in South America. Due to decades of uncontrolled construction practices, it is imperative to identify and better understand the types of informalities prevalent in these recent urban areas. Addressing this lack of information is crucial for implementing appropriate countermeasures and developing new policies that benefit the communities residing in such areas. It is worth noting that understanding disaster risk aligns with the first priority of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this study, we propose the use of radar satellite imagery recorded by the Sentinel-1 constellation since 2017 to identify clusters of urban growth in Lima Metropolitan area. Then, the informal urban clusters can be depicted by visual inspection of the last recorded high-resolution optical image. With good spatial and temporal resolution, we identified 25 clusters informal areas. Among our findings, we observed that several of these clusters are situated in landfills comprised of construction and other waste, increasing their vulnerability to debris flow, landslides, and earthquakes. Additionally, we noted that some new urban areas mainly consist of temporarily empty houses, highlighting the feasibility of implementing countermeasures, such as relocations, in the early stages of informal occupation. These results underscore the significant contribution of satellite radar imagery in identifying recent informal urban areas. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Spatial analysis for water supply in seismic emergencies: The Lima–Callao metropolitan area(Frontiers Media SA, 2024-01-01)In urban areas exposed to high-magnitude earthquakes, the drinking water supply would be severely damaged, and domestic services would be disrupted for a large part of the population in the event of an earthquake. The Lima-Callao metropolitan area in Peru, South America, is expected to experience an 8.8 Mw earthquake, and it is estimated that approximately 90% of the population would not have immediate access to emergency water in the case of such an event. The main objective of this paper is to define criteria for a spatial analysis method to guide the design criteria for an Emergency Water Supply System (EWaSS). Methods: This paper combines territorial, urban resilience and participatory approaches and presents the results of an interdisciplinary research with social impact. Thus, it examines the urban territory at macro-, meso- and micro scales; physical-spatial variables indicating risk levels and possible public spaces to implement the system; and socio-spatial variables regarding the population, risk perception and participation in management to strengthen urban resilience. Normative tools and the Geographic Information System are used to spatialize and systematize quantitative and qualitative information. Results and discussion: The EWaSS is an alternative for safe water supply in a post-disaster situation that would provide immediate and autonomous operation during the first 72 h of the emergency. The results show the physical-spatial and social viability of urbanized areas and the system design criteria that guide local actors in making decisions at the three levels of emergency management. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Interactive guide for post-disaster water supply in urban areas(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024-01-01)Water deficit in post-disaster situations due to large past earthquakes has evidenced the difficulty in managing and distributing safe water to the urban population during the first moments after the event and the lack of preparation of the people to cope with this situation. Disorder and panic must be prevented by preparing and educating the people at risk and the local government. This paper aims to develop an interactive, online, GIS-based guide focused on water supply during emergencies caused by seismic events. To accomplish this task, we introduce the Emergency Water Supply System (EWaSS) concept, a network of local autonomous water supply points in public spaces, such as parks and squares. The objective of the EWaSS is to provide safe water in the first moments of the earthquake emergency, articulated with the existing emergency plans at different levels of government. The design of the EWaSS considers a three-scale spatial approach that involves the environmental, social and physical dimensions and the following aspects: quantity and quality of water, security, accessibility; performance in the face of adverse natural phenomena, population density, articulation to the network of public spaces that includes safe areas, evacuation routes and proximity to urban facilities, identification of the level of organization of the community, urban zoning, and social vulnerability. We present the megacity of Lima in South America as a case study in which an 8.8 Mw earthquake is expected. The probability of water supply interruption is high due to out-of-date water and sanitation infrastructure. Although there is a set of wells and tanks aimed to supply water during emergencies, more was needed to cover the whole city population. An interdisciplinary perspective integrates and articulates the knowledge of civil engineering and urban planning disciplines. Emphasis is placed on using collaborative methods with the participation of relevant local actors and stakeholders in disaster risk management to achieve a feasible solution. As a result, the interactive guide is delivered and introduced to the stakeholders, decision-makers, planners and neighborhood organizations. This guide is expected to help strengthen the capacities of the population and state entities in charge of emergency response and increase the population's resilience that could be affected by future earthquake disasters.1