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Item type:Publication, Assessment of combined in-plane and out-of-plane fragility functions for adobe masonry buildings in the Peruvian Andes(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020-05-01)In the city of Cusco and in other parts of Peruvian andes, adobe masonry is the primarily construction material. Adobe continues being used for the construction of housing due to its low cost, its thermal properties, the use of unskilled labor as well as the local traditions of the Peruvian highlands. The Peruvian National Statistics Office (INEI) estimates that 67% of rural housing in Cusco is made of adobe masonry. Besides, previous seismic events and laboratory tests demonstrated that adobe dwellings without reinforcement are prone to collapse during an earthquake. Therefore, seismic vulnerability assessment of this type of dwellings is necessary aiming at developing proper contingency and mitigation risk policies. Then, fragility curves constitute a key tool when conducting seismic loss assessment since they provide information regarding the probability of exceeding a certain damage Limit State (LS) as a function of a given engineering demand parameter. This work aims at developing fragility curves, combining in-plane and out-of-plane loading conditions, for typical adobe buildings located in the city of Cusco. Initially, a set of one and two-story adobe houses were studied to determine the geometrical characteristics of representative local building typologies. Subsequently, 1000 artificial buildings were generated by means of Monte Carlo simulation based on the information gathered. The structural capacity of each artificial building was represented by simplified bilinear and trilinear capacity curves for in-plane and out-of-plane mechanisms, respectively. In order to represent the characteristics associated with subduction processes a set of ground motion records was established. The damage state of each building was assessed for each seismic record, and this information was collected into a Probability Damage Matrix (DPM). Finally, fragility curves were fitted for each damage state of the cumulative DPM. Preliminary results show that one and two-story adobe dwellings have a probability of collapse of 30% and 60%, respectively, when considering a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.30 g, which corresponds to the expected acceleration related to a return period of 475 years over a soil type 2 according to the Peruvian Standards. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Loss estimation for typical adobe façades of Cuenca (Ecuador) due to earthquake scenarios(Taylor & Francis, 2021-09-21)A relevant percentage of the world population lives in constructions made of sun-dried earth, which are built according to several techniques such as rammed earth, bahareque or adobe. This work specifically focuses on the adobe buildings located in the Historic Centre of Cuenca (Ecuador), recognized as a World Heritage Site since 1999. Although these buildings are characterized by different geometrical and material configurations, all of them have load-bearing façade walls made of adobe. This paper illustrates an analysis of the seismic vulnerability of these adobe façade walls according to different geometrical configurations and considering an out-of-plane loading. This study is based on original in-situ collected data about 45 one and multi-storey buildings. The seismic behaviour of the case studies is investigated through a demand versus capacity analysis based on 5 different failure mechanisms and considering a variable intensity of the seismic action. This procedure has allowed to classify the case studies according to their seismic vulnerability and to identify the most relevant failure mechanisms in such adobe façades. As a main result, some continued fragility curves have been produced to allow replicating this procedure to buildings with similar features. Finally, a repair cost estimation after seismic scenarios is estimated. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Building constructions characteristics and mechanical properties of confined masonry walls in San Miguel (Puno-Peru)(Elsevier, 2021-11-06)House self-construction and self-management are very common in different cities in Peru, which is the case in several areas in the district of San Miguel (Puno). This is due to the lack of financial resources to hire professionals to design and construct their houses. Therefore, many residents build without technical guidance and materials without quality standards. As a result, the buildings in the area have various construction pathologies that demonstrate their high seismic vulnerability, which indicates that the guidelines established in the Peruvian Masonry Design Code NTE 070 are not followed. Therefore, as a first step towards evaluating the seismic vulnerability of the houses in San Miguel, it was decided to evaluate the construction pathologies and typologies by conducting a survey. Subsequently, to characterize and evaluate the physical-mechanical properties of the masonry walls, 24 piles and 24 small walls were built and tested. The materials tested were obtained from the urban area of the same study place. According to the experimental tests, it was observed that the axial compression and diagonal shear values of the prisms are lower than the minimum values specified in the Peruvian Construction Code, and this would increase the seismic vulnerability of the constructions. Therefore, many of the houses in the district could suffer significant damage and even collapse in a seismic event. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Experimental and numerical modelling studies of slender reinforced concrete walls with single-layer reinforcement in Peru(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-12-15)The deficit in affordable residential construction in Lima has generated the construction of several mid to high-rise buildings using the structural system of Slender Reinforced Concrete (RC) Walls. In Peru, this system is known as ‘walls of limited ductility’ and their main characteristics are a fast construction time and an affordable price. Due to the expected non-ductile behaviour, Peruvian RC slender wall buildings follow the same seismic design criteria as traditional RC wall buildings but with a smaller reduction factor of elastic seismic forces and minor permissible story displacement drift. However, there is limited experience of the seismic response of such buildings in severe earthquakes and seismic design criteria have been obtained from just a few experimental tests. This work presents an experimental program of cyclic in-plane testing, developed at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) to obtain more knowledge about the lateral behaviour of typical Peruvian slender walls. According to quasi-static tests, the slender walls reached a maximum story drift of 1.27% after damage occurred, including diagonal tension, diagonal compression, sliding shear, concrete crushing, and buckling of the vertical reinforcement. Experimental results for the slender RC walls were computed to obtain the Damage States, Equivalent Lateral Stiffness (Keff), Ductility (μ), Equivalent Damping Ratio (ξeq) and Bending/Shear/Sliding deformations. In this work, a calibration process on numerical models was developed using OpenSees software. This work shows that slender RC walls in Peru show the typical hysteretic response of structural walls until a maximum drift of 1.27%, despite their deficiencies in slenderness, squat geometry, and the absence of confinement zones.