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Item type:Publication, Loss estimation for typical adobe façades of Cuenca (Ecuador) due to earthquake scenarios(Taylor & Francis, 2021-09-21)A relevant percentage of the world population lives in constructions made of sun-dried earth, which are built according to several techniques such as rammed earth, bahareque or adobe. This work specifically focuses on the adobe buildings located in the Historic Centre of Cuenca (Ecuador), recognized as a World Heritage Site since 1999. Although these buildings are characterized by different geometrical and material configurations, all of them have load-bearing façade walls made of adobe. This paper illustrates an analysis of the seismic vulnerability of these adobe façade walls according to different geometrical configurations and considering an out-of-plane loading. This study is based on original in-situ collected data about 45 one and multi-storey buildings. The seismic behaviour of the case studies is investigated through a demand versus capacity analysis based on 5 different failure mechanisms and considering a variable intensity of the seismic action. This procedure has allowed to classify the case studies according to their seismic vulnerability and to identify the most relevant failure mechanisms in such adobe façades. As a main result, some continued fragility curves have been produced to allow replicating this procedure to buildings with similar features. Finally, a repair cost estimation after seismic scenarios is estimated. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Vulnerability assessment of earthen structures(Elsevier BV, 2022-01-01)Around 17 percent of the total World’s population leaves in earthen structures. These structures are often located in developing countries which are prone to the occurrence of strong seismic actions. Unfortunately, unreinforced earthen buildings are characterized by a poor structural performance during earthquakes, experiencing severe damage and also partial or complete collapse. Then, there is the necessity to understand and to evaluate the seismic vulnerability these structures to elaborate effective strategies for risk management and mitigation. In this chapter, some study cases associated with the seismic vulnerability assessment of adobe buildings using empirical, mechanical, and analytical methodologies are presented and discussed. A detailed application of the latter to adobe dwellings located in Cusco, Peru, employing displacement- and force-based approaches, is also reported for 1 and 2-story adobe dwellings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Experimental in-plane behaviour and drift-based fragility assessment of typical Peruvian confined masonry walls(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-07-25)Around 56% of dwellings in Lima are constructed with confined masonry walls, and over 70% are built without engineering design and supervision. This building stock is exposed to the seismic activity of the Peruvian coastline. Then, in case of a severe earthquake, many of these buildings may suffer significant damage and eventually collapse, causing high economic losses and fatalities. Thus, it is essential to investigate the seismic behaviour of these constructions to understand their seismic vulnerability. This work studied the seismic performance of typically confined masonry walls built with hollow bricks based on cyclic in-plane tests. The imposed boundary conditions allowed the walls to behave as a cantilever. The influence of vertical pre-compression was also explored by performing separate tests with and without such load. Outcomes suggest that these walls may collapse after 0.5% drift. Also, mechanical features like stiffness degradation and damping values were calculated for different displacement limit states. Finally, fragility curves of confined masonry walls considering different unit types (i.e. solid, hollows, tubular), axial load ratio, and horizontal reinforcement are computed. The results demonstrate that tubular units should be forbidden as bearing walls, and horizontal reinforcement inside the walls improves their displacement ductility. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Experimental and numerical modelling studies of slender reinforced concrete walls with single-layer reinforcement in Peru(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-12-15)The deficit in affordable residential construction in Lima has generated the construction of several mid to high-rise buildings using the structural system of Slender Reinforced Concrete (RC) Walls. In Peru, this system is known as ‘walls of limited ductility’ and their main characteristics are a fast construction time and an affordable price. Due to the expected non-ductile behaviour, Peruvian RC slender wall buildings follow the same seismic design criteria as traditional RC wall buildings but with a smaller reduction factor of elastic seismic forces and minor permissible story displacement drift. However, there is limited experience of the seismic response of such buildings in severe earthquakes and seismic design criteria have been obtained from just a few experimental tests. This work presents an experimental program of cyclic in-plane testing, developed at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) to obtain more knowledge about the lateral behaviour of typical Peruvian slender walls. According to quasi-static tests, the slender walls reached a maximum story drift of 1.27% after damage occurred, including diagonal tension, diagonal compression, sliding shear, concrete crushing, and buckling of the vertical reinforcement. Experimental results for the slender RC walls were computed to obtain the Damage States, Equivalent Lateral Stiffness (Keff), Ductility (μ), Equivalent Damping Ratio (ξeq) and Bending/Shear/Sliding deformations. In this work, a calibration process on numerical models was developed using OpenSees software. This work shows that slender RC walls in Peru show the typical hysteretic response of structural walls until a maximum drift of 1.27%, despite their deficiencies in slenderness, squat geometry, and the absence of confinement zones.