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    Expanding horizons for the future with an open educational model for complex thinking: External and internal validation
    (Emerald Publishing, 2024-05-13)
    The challenges facing 21st-century society are becoming increasingly complex, requiring the development of new citizen competencies. This study aims to validate an educational model focused on developing complex thinking in higher education students. Current educational models lack future-ready competencies, necessitating the emergence of new models to guide future generations toward the common good. Design/methodology/approach: This was an adaptation of the causal-layered analysis (CLA) applied to 415 participants from higher education institutions in Mexico, Panama and Spain. Sessions were designed to present the proposed educational model and explore participants’ perceptions of its significance and contributions to future education. Findings: Key findings include the following: participants perceived complexity as difficult and challenging; causes of problems were linked to outdated educational models requiring replacement by those that develop students’ competencies; participants envisioned changes that would develop individuals capable of understanding and transforming society; and participants recognized the model’s transformative potential, offering a novel proposal for 21st-century education. Originality/value: This research sought to gather opinions from different stakeholders using the CLA methodology, providing a deep understanding of participants’ perspectives on the proposed solution.
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    Beyond traditional classrooms: Comparing virtual reality applications and their influence on students’ motivation
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-09-01)
    This study examines the impact of virtual reality (VR) on student motivation in education, emphasizing its potential to create immersive learning environments that enhance engagement and learning outcomes. By adopting a quantitative approach, the research investigates the motivational effects of two VR applications among 52 high school students in Mexico, exploring variations in motivation across four dimensions—attention, relevance, satisfaction, and confidence—and assessing gender-based differences. Results indicate improvements in all dimensions, particularly in attention and satisfaction, which are crucial for intrinsic motivation. Female students showed superior results in all dimensions, suggesting gender-specific impacts. The study underscores VR’s role in fostering motivation and offers practical recommendations for integrating VR technology in educational settings to maximize their benefits for student engagement and motivation. Possible limitations that should be considered to optimize its use are also identified. This research aims to provide valuable guidance for educators, researchers, and educational institutions seeking to harness VR technology for improved engagement and motivation in education.
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    Reimagining the future of business education through educational innovation
    (Inderscience Publishers, 2024-01-01)
    The paper underscores the urgent need for a transformative approach in business education to address 21st century challenges. It critiques traditional higher education for overemphasising theory at the expense of practical skills, leaving graduates ill-prepared for real-world problem-solving. Advocating for a paradigm shift, it emphasises cultivating critical thinking, sustainability, and leveraging emerging technologies like artificial intelligence. Through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the paper identifies trends, pedagogical strategies, and innovations that support future-ready competencies. It provides actionable recommendations for designing impactful learning experiences that foster adaptability, global awareness, and meaningful outcomes. Highlighting the importance of equipping students to thrive amid economic, geopolitical, and technological shifts, the paper also explores the broader implications of these findings. It offers valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and industry leaders striving to advance business education in an era of rapid change and complexity.
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    Reimagining the future through the co-creation of social entrepreneurship in higher education: A multivariate prediction model approach
    (Emerald Publishing, 2024-01-01)
    This remastered analysis focuses on the impact of entrepreneurial interventions in higher education institutions (HEI), particularly in social entrepreneurship. The study evaluated the effectiveness of such interventions through a pre-and post-test approach, examining various skill sets in students. The primary goal was to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial training programs on students' competencies in social entrepreneurship by analyzing changes in personal behavior, leadership, innovation, social value and management skills before and after the educational interventions. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed a quasi-experimental design, analyzing pre-and post-test results in three distinct social entrepreneurship training experiences. The sample consisted of 304 participants, providing a comprehensive view of the impact of these interventions. Findings: The main findings were: (1) Educational interventions in social entrepreneurship must emphasize strategies for self-awareness, emotional intelligence and personal development improvement. The analysis revealed significant improvements in these areas, indicating that targeted strategies in these domains are essential for enhancing the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship education. (2) The impact of educational interventions on these capabilities can be effectively evaluated using machine learning methods such as ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. This approach allows for the inclusion of variables such as gender, age or location, providing a comprehensive assessment of the interventions' impact. (3) The interventions were particularly effective in improving students' innovation and leadership competencies. The analysis demonstrated substantial enhancements in these areas, underscoring the success of the interventions in developing these critical skills. (4) The study highlighted the need for a more focused approach in future interventions, emphasizing the importance of management, social value and personal skills. Additionally, it pointed out the necessity of developing and utilizing appropriate tools to create and evaluate these interventions effectively. Practical implications: The study provides insights into improving educational interventions in social entrepreneurship to better develop essential skills in students. Originality/value: This research introduces a significant approach to educational interventions for educational communities and decision-makers by demonstrating the effectiveness of entrepreneurial training for competencies in innovation and leadership, which are crucial for societal and economic development.
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    Exploring complex thinking in Latin American universities: Comparative analysis between programs and alternative credentials
    (Routledge, 2024-01-01)
    Training the high-order competency of complex thinking encompasses addressing its sub-competencies of critical, innovative, scientific and systemic thinking. In this framework, how do the practices of reasoning for complexity in Latin American institutions differ from other regions? This study focused on comparing training practices that promote complex thinking in national and international educational entities through analysis of their programs and alternative professional credentials to identify best educational practices. The comparative education method benchmarked the selected institutions and compared the best educational practices. The four categories of analysis were the philosophical, theoretical, and political components and the educational process. A significant-document analysis was applied to publications found on the websites of 19 educational institutions, and the data were triangulated. The findings accounted for (a) educational institutions seeking to educate individuals who can improve the quality of life in society and contribute to sustainable development, (b) educational practices aimed at developing complex thinking competencies and lifelong learning as essential for new educational models, (c) the collaboration of researchers, faculty, and other stakeholders, and appropriate tools for formative assessment, promoting the development of complex reasoning competencies in changing environments, and (d) educational processes focused on developing high skills, innovation, and digital transformation as essential for designing the future of education. This study is intended to be of value to managers, decision-makers, professors, researchers, and society interested in creating new programs to develop high-level capabilities, such as complex thinking.
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    Training Needs for Successful Businesswomen: A Narrative Analysis of Stories of Women Entrepreneurs
    (Inderscience Publishers, 2023-01-01)
    This research is a qualitative study that develops a narrative analysis of the entrepreneurial experiences of two women business owners in the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. This study sought to understand the training needs of female entrepreneurs from the experiences of these women who started their own companies. This issue of entrepreneurship arouses much curiosity and interest in the characteristics of the people who undertake it and how they develop their plans. It is essential to analyse the experiences of entrepreneurs to incorporate the lessons learned into training programs that fulfil the needs and learning styles of people starting and operating their own companies. The women consulted recommended as the key topics in a training program the incorporation of the family into the training processes, the methodologies for scaling up businesses, tools that facilitate the management of revenue, expenses, and earnings, activities that increase self-efficacy, how to search for funding resources and investment capital, and networking.
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    Transformative economies and complex Thinking: Enhancing sustainability competencies in business education
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)
    This study presents a pedagogical innovation that integrates agile methodologies, transformative economies, and complex thinking to enhance sustainability competencies in graduate business education. Using a multiple case study design, we examined the experiences of 58 Master of Business Administration students enrolled in a course on disruptive innovation and new business models at a business school in Peru. Students applied the Scrum framework and principles from circular, green, and solidarity economies to develop sustainability-focused projects. Quantitative results from a validated instrument showed significant gains in scientific, critical, and innovative thinking. Qualitative analysis of student reflections and project artifacts confirmed increased awareness of systemic challenges and responsible decision-making. The findings demonstrate how agile, interdisciplinary, and action-oriented pedagogies can foster the competencies needed to address complex sustainability issues. This study contributes to responsible management education by offering an empirically grounded and context-sensitive model that prepares students to lead sustainable innovation in diverse business environments.
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    STEM enabling digital skills for women microentrepreneurs in Peru
    (Springer Nature, 2026-12-01)
    Women-led microenterprises play a central role in local economies, yet many remain excluded from digital and STEM-related opportunities. This study examines how a University Social Responsibility (USR) training program in Peru supports the development of digital skills that enable women micro-entrepreneurs to progress toward STEM pathways. The objectives were to identify current digital practices, barriers and opportunities for adoption, typologies of digital users, and priority actions to strengthen USR–STEM programs. A qualitative design was used based on six focus groups conducted across six regions. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis with a deductive–inductive approach, supported by predefined categories linked to the study objectives and refined through emerging patterns. Findings show increasing use of social networks, management tools, and generative AI, often stimulated by the training received. Barriers include financial constraints, limited time due to care responsibilities, and gaps in technical skills. Opportunities arise from growing confidence, demand for practical and progressive training, and the role of partnerships with universities and local actors. Two adoption profiles emerge: (1) high-adoption users integrating diverse tools for management and innovation, and (2) transitioning users whose basic digital engagement is shaped by structural constraints. The study proposes a cost–time priority matrix and aligns the findings with SDG-tech indicators to guide scalability. The results highlight the need for differentiated training pathways and multisector partnerships to reduce digital gender gaps and advance women's technological inclusion. The findings offer practical guidance for institutions and policymakers designing scalable digital and STEM-oriented programs for women micro-entrepreneurs.
    Scopus© Citations 1  1
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    Redefining education: educational trajectories for complex thinking skills
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2025-12-01)
    The future of education requires high-capacity training to prepare competent citizens to solve complex problems. What are the teacher training practices that promote complex thinking in university students? This article aims to delineate the trajectories of teaching practices in order to identify insights into educational trends, using strategies of intentional integration and implementation applicable to higher education institutions. We used sequential explanatory mixed methods, applying big-data analysis tools and interviews with expert teachers to develop reasoning-for-complexity competencies and analyze significant documents. The study population consisted of 1980 students and ten teachers and administrators from higher education institutions. The units of analysis were training practices, trajectories, and trends. We used sequential explanatory mixed methods, applying big-data analysis tools such as Python for data processing and analysis. Additionally, we conducted interviews with expert teachers and analyzed significant documents, including institutional reports, curriculum guidelines, and academic publications to develop reasoning for complexity competencies. The findings report on (a) Educational institutions that implement strategies for complex thinking unintentionally, without its explicit integration into their models; (b) Students demonstrating interdisciplinary, innovative, and critical problem analysis skills related to complex thinking; (c) Teachers employing active learning strategies using complex thinking sub-competencies for problem analysis and understanding; and (d) Trajectories for educational models to bring students closer to real-world problems, analyzing with diverse perspectives and integrating critical, scientific, systematic, and innovative thinking. This study aims to be of value to academic, business, and governmental communities interested in developing high capacities such as complex thinking.
      9
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    GenAI-supported portfolio assessment for complex thinking: a GPT-based innovation in business education
    (Frontiers Media, 2026-01-01)
    This study examines the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) into rubric-based qualitative assessment to strengthen authentic evaluation and complex thinking competencies in business education. Conducted at a graduate business school in Peru with 120 student portfolios, the research adopted a qualitative exploratory-documentary approach, complemented by a correlational analysis between human and AI evaluations to enhance the interpretive validity of the findings. A pilot subsample ( n = 12) was used for the correlational analysis comparing human and AI-assisted assessments, while descriptive analyses of complex thinking levels were conducted on the full sample ( n = 120) using the AI agent. The study employed the GPT-eComplex Assistant, a GenAI-based evaluator developed from ChatGPT and configured with the eComplex rubric, to identify recurring patterns, strengths, and areas for improvement without replacing human pedagogical judgment. The findings revealed that: (a) the GPT-eComplex Assistant closely mirrored human evaluators' judgments, reinforcing consistency, traceability, and transparency, although still requiring teacher calibration; (b) the digital portfolio served as an authentic learning artifact to capture systemic and critical thinking, while showing limitations in the scientific dimension; (c) the use of GenAI for assessment in higher education remains incipient and under-researched, underscoring the need for empirical evidence and ethical guidelines; and (d) the responsible integration of GenAI demands active teacher mediation, ethical awareness, and institutional transparency, ensuring that technology complements rather than replaces pedagogical judgment. This study contributes a pedagogical strategy that combines formative portfolio assessment, AI-supported co-evaluation, and the AI-PROMPT Framework, offering a replicable model for embedding GenAI into authentic, reflective, and ethically grounded assessment practices in higher education. The results represent an innovative contribution by positioning GPT as a complementary tool in authentic assessment, reinforcing the central role of human judgment and opening new perspectives for AI-supported evaluation in the Ibero-American and beyond.