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Peru in 2023: From polarization to the conservative and populist coalition during the government of Dina Boluarte
(Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, 2024-08-01)
2023 was a very particular and significant year in Peru. It was the year of Dina Boluarte’s government, who, as vice president, succeeded the ousted Pedro Castillo at the end of 2022 to complete the 2021-2026 presidential term. Remarkably, given the experience of Castillo’s government, the circumstances of his impeachment by Congress, and the characteristics of Peruvian political dynamics post-2016, the expected scenario was the continuation of a dynamic of polarization and political and social confrontation. Unexpectedly, we witnessed the formation at the heights of institutional politics of a majority that crosses right-wing and left-wing groups, centered around conservative and populist values opposed to various institutional reform initiatives implemented in recent years, accompanied by relative citi-zen demobilization. Although this seriously delegitimized the government and Congress, the absence of viable short-term alternatives generated relative stability. The problematic aspect is that Peru’s fragile democracy seems to be captured “from below” by various local leaders and particularistic interests, a consequence of the extreme weakness of political parties, constituting a peculiar and dangerous path of democratic deterioration.
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Left-Wing Extremism in Peru: Structural Conditions, Leadership, and Political Will
(Springer Nature, 2023-09-21)
How to understand left-wing extremism? Why does it develop in some contexts and not in others? In the Peruvian social sciences, there is a strong intellectual tradition that establishes a causal relationship between extremist left-wing political options and exclusionary structural conditions. In this chapter, I argue that what is decisive to understand the dynamics of extremism has been how political leadership has diagnosed the political situation and the subsequent courses of political action, based on the diverse array of extremist left-wing experiences Peru has had in the second half of the twentieth century.
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From Capital City to National Government: The Failure of the Peruvian Left
(Springer International Publishing, 2025-01-01)
In several Latin American countries, amid the so-called “left turn,” progressive forces forged, from the subnational level, a path that allowed them to gain legitimacy, accumulate political and executive experience, and reach the national government. In this context the Peruvian case is striking, as a deviant or negative case: Although Lima’s voters elected Susana Villarán —for the center-left Fuerza Social party— as mayor of Lima in 2010, her failure meant that the Peruvian Left could not follow a similar course to that which followed many other countries in the region. Here we argue that the failure of Villarán’s administration (2010–2014) is a consequence of the underestimation of her adversaries, overestimation of her political support and her administrative capabilities, and woeful political management expressed in a dearth of priorities. Villarán ended her term saddled with very low approval levels, a position of political isolation, a reputation for inefficiency, and estrangement from the popular sectors. Worse still, in 2019, Villarán admitted to having received illegal political financing from Brazilian construction companies during her administration, such that she ended up marked not only by the stigma of inefficiency but that of corruption too.
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