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The Subnational Indigenous Quota in Peru: The Paradoxes of Political Representation
(Cambridge University Press, 2020-08-01)
ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to explain the territorial variation in indigenous political representation at the subnational level in Peru. The Peruvian state introduced a weak indigenous electoral quota, and its effects have varied across provinces. This article presents a typology that combines descriptive and substantive dimensions of political representation. Using a subnational comparative method, the four cases studied illustrate distinct dynamics. The article argues that these differing dynamics are explained by a combination of sociostructural variables (i.e., political articulation and cohesion of indigenous organizations as a result of a conflict) and individual variables (i.e., candidates’ political capital). This article demonstrates how, even in an institutionally adverse environment that does not feature ethnic parties, both descriptive and substantive indigenous political representation can be achieved, and that these two dimensions are not necessarily related. The article is based on fieldwork and interviews with key provincial political actors.
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Fighting the climate crisis in persistently unequal land regimes: Natural protected areas in the Peruvian Amazon
(Elsevier, 2020-08-20)
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The state’s developmentalist illusion and the origins of illegal coca cultivation in Peru’s Alto Huallaga Valley (1960–80)
(Cambridge University Press, 2021-05-01)
The origin of illicit economies has been understood as a consequence of ‘low stateness’ (i.e. low reach of the state). Given the limited stateness in many regions, however, this article seeks to explain how only some sub-national territories have become vulnerable to illegal drug trafficking. To make this case, the representative example of the Alto Huallaga valley, in the Peruvian Amazon, is analysed. This article argues that ineffective development and settlement efforts by the Peruvian state in the Alto Huallaga, rather than the absence of the state, produced socio-ecological conditions in the region, in the late 1970s, that made it more vulnerable to the illegal economy. At the same time as international demand for illegal cocaine was expanding, two conditions resulting from frustrated state development plans came together: an enclave of poor peasants who were not self-sufficient and a natural environment impoverished by soil degradation and intensive deforestation, paradoxically not suitable for any crop except coca.
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From criminals to citizens: the applicability of Bolivia's community-based coca control policy to Peru
(Elsevier, 2021-10-01)
Between 2006 and 2019, Bolivia emerged as a world leader in formulating a participatory, non-violent model to gradually limit coca production in a safe and sustainable manner while simultaneously offering farmers realistic economic alternatives to coca. Our study finds that not only has this model reduced violence, but it has effectively expanded social and civil rights in hitherto marginal regions. In contrast, Peru has continued to conceptualize ‘drugs’ as a crime and security issue. This has led to U.S.-financed forced crop eradication, putting the burden onto impoverished farmers, generating violence and instability. At the request of farmers, the Peruvian government has made a tentative move towards implementing one aspect of Bolivia's community control in Peru. Could it work? We address this question by focusing on participatory development with a special emphasis on the role of local organizations and the relationship between growers and the state. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, focus group discussions and secondary research, we find that for community control to have any chance of success in Peru, grassroots organizations must be strengthened and grower trust in the state created. The study also demonstrates that successful participatory development in drug crop regions is contingent on land titling and robust state investment, which strengthens farmer resolve to participate so as to avoid a return to the repression of the past.
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Putting eradication on hold: the symbolic dimension of a negotiated pacification in the VRAEM
(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2021-01-01)
The article explains the heterogeneous implementation of coca crop eradication in Peru, particularly the successive suspensions of eradication in the VRAEM, the most important producer. The VRAEM allows examining state capacity and state relations with non-state actors’ resistance, particularly coca growers. We conclude that state tolerance responds to a process of accumulation of the State’s symbolic capital, produced in negotiation with coca growers. These social actors demand in return recognition of their role and the coca economy in the pacification and the established order. This order is hybrid, but it makes possible the State’s development, the control of violence, and avoids monopolizing the illicit economy by insurgent actors.
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Toxic mobilization: mining, pollution and power in the highlands of Peru
(Taylor & Francis, 2022-09-19)
This paper analyzes how the toxic consequences of extractive industries like mining have reconfigured both local topographies and introduced new structures and meanings regarding environmental justice and mobilization for communities living in polluted areas. Based on a longitudinal ethnographic study of the case of Espinar in Peru, the paper explains how the company and the government’s management of uncertainty regarding land and water pollution have transformed the meaning of mobilization for communities and their capacities for cleaning or at least improving their environment. I argue that local and global connections and transnational support still open opportunities for meaningful local mobilization despite uncertainty and ambiguity in managing environmental pollution, which weakens social cohesion and fragments the positions of inhabitants concerning collective and political action. However, communities can unwillingly embrace toxic conflicts: low intense, fragmented, but persistent forms of mobilization to bargain for some form of partial compensation from the company and the state. This form of conflict reinforces the internal fragmentation of the overall community and runs against environmental justice aspirations.
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One industry, different conflicts: a typology of mining mobilization
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-03-01)
Mining conflicts are comprised of diverse socio-territorial mobilizations that originate in different parts of countries where mineral deposits are exploited, and became politicized to target international companies and national state policies. To analyze the diversity of mining conflicts, this paper develops a multidimensional matrix typology based on the intersection of two core dimensions: the framing of claims and the degree of disruption of repertoires of contention. The result is four types of conflicts: resistance, negotiation, subordination, and dependency. The paper finds empirical evidence for the conceptual typology through the analysis of a database of 49 case studies of mining conflicts in Latin America, providing rich, contextual, and historical information that allows not only for more accurate classifications of conflicts, but also for better understanding of how different combinations of claims and repertoires can advocate for different policy outcomes and relations with the state and mining companies.
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Forest as ‘nature’ or forest as territory? Knowledge, power, and climate change conservation in the Peruvian Amazon
(Taylor & Francis, 2022-10-30)
This paper examines the implications of climate crisis governance for rural communities in the Amazon of Peru. It draws the attention to the shared political economy behind the resistance of diverse rural populations particularly, Indigenous and Colono communities. Based on an analysis of two local conservation interventions in the region of San Martín—one involving indigenous communities and the other peasant settlers—this study argues that narrow authorized knowledge obscures the wider historical and agrarian macro context of uneven institutional and ecological arrangements that lead to the reproduction of injustices related to the land, the underlying causes of deforestation, and the authoritarian relationships of these local communities with the state.
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Opposition Tactics on the Implementation of Advocacy-Driven Institutional Reforms: A Study of Mining Environmental Assesment in Peru
(Elsevier BV, 2023-12-12)
Between 2008 and 2015, Peru underwent significant institutional reforms to enhance state autonomy in regulating the environmental impact of mining. Advocacy Coalition Networks (ACNs), comprising grassroots organizations, NGOs, academics, and state actors, played a crucial role in advocating for these reforms and shifting public opinion both nationally and internationally. However, the implementation of the reforms fell short of meeting the initial objectives and demands of the ACNs and local communities. During the formulation and implementation phase, the powerful opposition from mining stakeholders employed tactics such as revolving doors, minimal changes, delays, and passing the buck, undermining the intended outcomes. This study highlights the challenges faced by ACNs in influencing environmental reforms during the transition from approval to formulation and implementation stages. It emphasizes the role of the political economy and the importance of forming alliances with influential institutional actors to counterbalance opposition.
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Illicit Crops in the Frontier Margins: Amazonian Indigenous Livelihoods and the Expansion of Coca in Peru
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-06-23)
This paper explores illegal coca crop expansion in indigenous Amazonian communities in Peru. The ethnographic study sheds light on the historical development of these areas as frontier spaces, where the growth of illicit crops intertwines with socio-ecological transformations and gives rise to conflicts over new forms of land control, opportunities for capital accumulation, and political power dynamics. The paper argues that this expansion is shaped by dual processes: from ‘below,’ involving small-scale migrant farmers from the Andes, and from ‘above,’ primarily driven by state-led agrarian interventions. Consequently, communities experience significant tensions, as they adapt to the forces of market expansion to secure their livelihoods, while simultaneously facing risks of violence and insecurity.

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