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Item type:Publication, The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)(Springer, 2020-09-01)Floral innovations are key for pollinator specialization and play a significant role in plant diversification. Orchidaceae present many examples of floral innovations that allow its high degrees of pollinator specialization and promoted speciation. The rich neotropical genus Telipogon evolved an uncinate (=hook-like) viscidium on the pollinarium and setae-bearing flowers, which are uncommon in Orchidaceae; however, the importance of them on pollination success and whether they are floral innovations or exaptations in Telipogon have not been investigated. Here we investigate the morphology of the viscidium and floral setae within the Telipogon alliance (including the genera Hofmeisterella, Trichoceros and Telipogon), test their significance in pollination, and their occurrence and evolution across the Oncidiinae. We used Telipogon peruvianus as a model species to test whether uncinate viscidium and floral setae increased pollination success compared with a cochleariform (=spoon-like) viscidium and lack of floral setae condition. We show that the uncinate viscidium is a synapomorphy for Telipogon; setae-bearing flowers are not universally found among all species of Telipogon and evolved once in the Telipogon alliance. Furthermore, Telipogon peruvianus flowers with an uncinate viscidium have achieved higher pollinia export than those with cochleariform viscidium (ancestral condition), whereas flowers with setae have both higher success in pollinia removal, although not significant, and pollinia deposition than those lacking of setae (ancestral condition). We demonstrate that uncinate viscidia and floral setae in Telipogon are a key innovation and exaptation, respectively, that enhance pollination success and they might act as drivers of diversification and pollinator specialization in this genus. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Genetic diversity in natural populations of the endangered Neotropical orchid Telipogon peruvianus(Wiley, 2020-09-09)Abstract Telipogon peruvianus is a highly restricted, sexually deceptive, Neotropical orchid species, endemic to the southern Peruvian Andes. It is only known from two localities, which are affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we investigated whether the restricted distribution of T. peruvianus has led to low genetic diversity and inbreeding, thus threatening its survival. We isolated 10 novel microsatellite loci specific for T. peruvianus (and that also cross‐amplified in related species) from two adjacent populations. We found that genetic diversity within populations was only moderately reduced, along with some evidence of inbreeding. We found low levels of genetic differentiation, suggesting connectivity by pollen/seed flow between the two populations. Effective population size was comparable to the real number of flowering individuals in the populations and we did not detect the signature of recent bottlenecks. Taken together, these results show that, despite increasing anthropogenic pressure, the two investigated populations of T. peruvianus still host valuable genetic diversity that should be preserved through appropriate conservation strategies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The evolution of tachinid pollination in Neotinea ustulata is related to floral cuticular composition and the combined high relative production of (Z)-11-C23/C25enes(Wiley, 2021-10-21)Among terrestrial orchids, and particularly among the subtribe Orchidinae, flies are underrepresented as pollinators. The European Neotinea ustulata, which developed specialized pollination by tachinid flies, is known to produce high relative concentrations of the floral cuticular alkenes (Z)‐11‐tricosene and (Z)‐11‐pentacosene (referred to as (Z)‐11‐C23/C25enes), which seem to be uncommon among orchid flowers. If the evolution of tachinid pollination is related to that of (Z)‐11‐C23/C25enes, we can expect that closely related species have a different floral chemical pattern and significantly small or no production of (Z)‐11‐C23/C25enes, independently of their pollinator guild identity (e.g., bees, flies, moths). We chemically compared the floral cuticular composition among Neotinea species, performed electrophysiological analyses, reconstructed the phylogenetic Orchidinae tree, and identified the evolutionary history of pollinator guild and (Z)‐11‐C23/C25enes production within the Orchidinae. Neotinea ustulata has evolved a markedly different floral cuticular composition compared to other Neotinea and produces both compounds ((Z)‐11‐C23/C25enes) in high relative quantities (i.e., above 8% in combination), which are detectable by tachinid antennae. Moreover, most Orchidinae taxa have minimal or no production of these alkenes, independently of the identity of their pollinator guild. Our ancestral reconstruction suggested that (Z)‐11‐C23/C25enes production was an evolutionary exaptation in Neotinea, whereas tachinid pollination was a unique evolutionary innovation for N. ustulata. Floral cuticular composition and, in particular, the combined production of (Z)‐11‐C23/C25enes at relatively high concentrations is intimately linked to the evolution of tachinid pollination within the Orchidinae. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Specialization for Tachinid fly pollination in the phenologically divergent varieties of the orchid Neotinea ustulata(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-06-16)Despite increased focus on elucidating the various reproductive strategies employed by orchids, we still have only a rather limited understanding of deceptive pollination systems that are not bee- or wasp-mediated. In Europe, the orchid Neotinea ustulata has been known to consist of two phenologically divergent varieties, neither of which provide rewards to its pollinators. However, detailed studies of their reproductive biology have been lacking. Our study aimed to characterize and understand the floral traits (i.e., morphology, color, and scent chemistry) and reproductive biology of N. ustulata. We found that the two varieties differ in all their floral traits; furthermore, while Neotinea ustulata var. ustulata appears to be pollinated by both bees (e.g., Anthophora, Bombus) and flies (e.g., Dilophus, Tachina), var. aestivalis is pollinated almost entirely by flies (i.e., Nowickia, Tachina). Tachinids were also found to be much more effective than bees in removing pollinaria, and we show experimentally that they use the characteristic dark inflorescence top as a cue for approaching inflorescences. Our results thus suggest that while both N. ustulata varieties rely on tachinids for pollination, they differ in their degree of specialization. Further studies are, however, needed to fully understand the reproductive strategy of N. ustulata varieties. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Spiroacetals and the rise of Campanula specialists: Receptor sensitivity to host-specific floral scents(Wiley, 2025-07-01)Campanula flowers (Campanulaceae) are visited by generalist and specialist bees of different families. While generalists rely on common volatiles within the floral scent of Campanula , specialist Megachilidae mainly use unusual spiroacetals for host flower recognition, usually reported only in insect communication. Although the evolution of specialization in Megachilidae and the underlying sensory adaptations have long been a topic of interest, the evolution of olfactory sensitivity of antennal receptors for spiroacetals has never been investigated before. In this study, we integrated electrophysiology and phylogenetics to evaluate the evolution of olfactory sensitivity to spiroacetals in Campanula specialist megachilids compared with other bees, including generalists and specialists foraging on flowers other than Campanula . We show that megachilid Campanula specialists are highly sensitive to spiroacetals and that these compounds can be sensed by most other Megachilidae and the generalist Andrena bicolor (Andrenidae). Further, our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the capacity to sense spiroacetals might be an ancestral trait in Megachilidae and the similarities in antennal sensitivity cannot be explained by phylogenetic relatedness alone. We conclude that the capacity to sense spiroacetals was an exaptation in Megachilidae, representing a condition prior to the evolution of Campanula specialists resulting from the role of spiroacetals in insect communication, while the high sensitivity in Campanula specialists has evolved later as a response to the low emission rates of these compounds in their host flowers. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.2 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Ethological and mechanical isolation promotes pollinator partitioning in sympatric Andean Salvia species(Elsevier BV, 2025-09-01)Plants that co-occur and co-flower may suffer negative fitness consequences through pollinator sharing. However, if they have evolved specific adaptations such as being pollinated by only a subset of the available pollinator spectrum, they may co-exist without losing species integrity. Pollinator partitioning can be achieved by exhibiting specific floral traits, which promote the attraction of certain floral visitors (ethological isolation) and/or by specific flower proportions, which either only fit to part of the possible visitors or contribute to pollinator sharing without pollen mixing (mechanical isolation). In this study, we aimed to identify the floral traits and suite of pollinators associated with the reproductive isolation of three co-occurring and co-flowering Salvia species ( S. cruikshanksii, S. tafallae, S. tubiflora ) from the high elevation shrubland in the central Peruvian Andes. We investigated flower morphology, spectral reflectance (colour), and scent chemistry, as well as pollinator behaviour and breeding system. Salvia cruikshanksii and S. tafallae are adapted for bee pollination, whereas S. tubiflora is adapted to hummingbirds. Accordingly, all floral traits of S. tubiflora are distinct from those of the other two Salvia species. Although S. cruikshanksii and S. tafallae both attract bees, they do not share a single pollinator species. Reproductive isolation might be predominantly based on species-specific odour bouquets reinforced by visual signals (ethological isolation), and on differences in floral proportions between the Salvia species such as flower tube lengths (mechanical isolation). The three Salvia species demonstrate the significance of diversified floral traits in a species assemblage causing pollinator partitioning and allowing co-existence3