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Item type:Publication, Estudio de los métodos analíticos para la extracción de parámetros eléctricos de módulos fotovoltaicos de capas delgadas(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)Para conocer la eficiencia real de un panel y poder predecir su potencia y producción energética es necesario estudiar su comportamiento y caracterizarlo a las condiciones reales del lugar en el que está instalado. El modelo de un solo diodo para celdas fotovoltaicas (FV) relaciona la corriente y el voltaje del módulo FV mediante cinco parámetros eléctricos que nos dan información fundamental acerca de los procesos físicos que tienen lugar en las celdas FV y del estado del módulo. Actualmente, existen diversos métodos analíticos, numéricos y heurísticos para extraer los parámetros del modelo, cada uno con ventajas y desventajas que dependen del tipo de módulo y de las condiciones ambientales. Se realizó un estudio de métodos de extracción analíticos que se usan actualmente para módulos FV de silicio cristalino y se aplicaron a tecnologías FV de capas delgadas. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la extracción de parámetros a través de comparación entre la curva corriente-voltaje (IV) medida y la modelada, además de cálculos de Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) con el fin de comparar y evaluar ambos métodos analíticos. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Puesta en marcha de un laboratorio para la caracterización de tecnologías fotovoltaicas a sol real bajo las condiciones climáticas de Lima(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)En este trabajo se presenta el diseño, la implementación y los primeros resultados de un Laboratorio de Investigación Fotovoltaica desarrollado en las instalaciones del Grupo de Ciencia de Materiales y Energías Renovables (MatER-PUCP) de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú en colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Solar y Automática (IDEA) de la Universidad de Jaén (UJA) de España. Este laboratorio es uno de los primeros en el país con el equipamiento adecuado para la calibración y certificación de diferentes tecnologías, comerciales y emergentes, de módulos fotovoltaicos en el mercado peruano. Los resultados que se esperan obtener mediante una extensa campaña experimental, que inició en mayo del 2019, podrán ser ofertados a empresas u otras instituciones públicas, como estudios detallados del comportamiento y degradación de las diferentes tecnologías de módulos fotovoltaicos en función de las condiciones climáticas particulares de la ciudad de Lima (niveles de irradiancia y su componente difuso, temperatura de operación, humedad, distribución espectral, y polvo). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of measured spectrum variation on solar photovoltaic efficiencies worldwide(Center for Open Science, 2021-09-02)In ratings of solar photovoltaic performance, variation in the spectrum of sunlight is commonly neglected. A single spectrum, AM1.5, is used as the sole basis not only for record laboratory efficiencies, but also for commercial module power ratings, the performance metrics for solar power plants, and warranty claims. Incorporation of solar spectrum variation would improve accuracy and reduce the financial consequences of prediction errors. Ground-level measurements of spectral irradiance collected worldwide have been pooled to provide an extensive – though by no means comprehensive – sampling of the variation. Applied to nine solar cell types, the resulting divergence in solar cell performance illustrates that a single spectrum is insufficient for comparison of cells with different spectral responses. In contrast with single-junction cells such as silicon and cadmium telluride, cells with two or more semiconductor junctions tend to have efficiencies below that obtained under AM1.5. Increases in the degree of sun tracking are shown to decrease efficiency for cells with a narrower spectral response. Of the nine cell types, silicon exhibits the least spectral sensitivity: relative site variation ranges from 1% in Lima, Peru to 14% in Edmonton, Canada, with a mean of 4%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Spectral effects on the energy yield of various photovoltaic technologies in Lima (Peru)(Elsevier, 2021-05-15)This study presents for the first time the spectral impact on the performance of different photovoltaic (PV) technologies in Lima, Peru. We experimentally monitored the spectral distributions over one year (March 2019–February 2020). The average photon energy (APE) is calculated as a representative parameter to evaluate the spectral distributions. The spectral mismatch factor (MM) enables an estimation of the spectral gains of distinct PV technologies: amorphous silicon (a-Si), perovskite, cadmium telluride (CdTe), multicrystalline silicon (multi-Si), monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) and copper indium gallium selenide with two distinct band-gaps (CIGS-1 and CIGS-2). We found that the annual APE has a value of 1.923 eV, indicating that the spectrum is shifted to shorter wavelengths. In contrast to studies performed in other locations, the spectral distribution shows relatively small monthly APE value variations. This nearly negligible seasonality could be attributed to the low latitude and the particular climate in Lima. Larger-bandgap PV technologies, such as a-Si, perovskite, and CdTe, resulted in annual spectral gains of +6.8%, +4.8%, and +2.1%, respectively. Lower-bandgap PV technologies (CIGS-2, multi-Si, CIGS-1, and mono-Si), present small annual spectral gains of −0.9%, −1.4%, −1.6% and −2.3%, respectively. Also, a quasi-linear correlation between APE and MM was found for all PV technologies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Hydrogen effects at sputtered Tb-doped AlNxOy:H / c-Si(p) interfaces: A transient surface photovoltage spectroscopy study(Elsevier B.V., 2022-10-01)In the present work, we studied the interface of terbium doped aluminum oxynitride (Tb-doped AlNxOy:H) deposited under different hydrogen flows with p-type doped crystalline silicon by applying transient surface photovoltage spectroscopy. We observed strong accumulation with concomitant passivation of boron acceptors in the crystalline silicon and defect generation near the interface. With increasing hydrogen flows, the net negative charge in the Tb-doped AlNxOy:H layer decreased, surface photovoltage signals related to defects increased, surface photovoltage transients decayed faster, and the slowest relaxation of charge carriers separated in space changed from trap limited to hopping transport via an exponential distribution of trap states in energy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Assessing the accuracy of analytical methods for extracting parameters of different PV module technologies under clear and cloudy sky conditions(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-12-01)Accurately determining single-diode model parameters yields essential insights into the photovoltaic (PV) device performance and behavior. Analytical methods for extracting these parameters often rely on mathematical assumptions typically valid under controlled indoor conditions. Applying these methods to PV modules in the field introduces complexities due to varying environmental conditions and module technologies, leading to divergencies between parameters extracted under outdoor and indoor conditions. This study closes the gap in analyzing the retrieved parameters under intricate outdoor conditions by differentiating between all-, clear-, and cloudy-sky conditions and varying irradiances for different PV technologies. We examine three methods over a year of outdoor I-V curves from Al-BSF, HIT, and a-Si/µc-Si PV modules in Lima, Peru, a low-latitude site. The findings represent the first mid-term study by the country's premier laboratory uniquely equipped for diverse outdoor PV module characterization. We evaluate the accuracy of each method using the Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) by comparing experimental against simulated I-V curves derived from the extracted parameters. Our findings reveal that the parameters for the Al-BSF and HIT modules under all-sky conditions align with reported outdoor trends for varying irradiances, while under clear skies, they correspond with indoor trends. In terms of accuracy, the methods by Phang et al. and de Blas et al. consistently achieve an average NRMSE below 1 % across all PV module types under all-sky conditions. However, when differentiating between sky conditions, the NRMSE values for the Al-BSF and HIT modules are notably lower under clear sky conditions at any irradiance level, preserving a mean value below 0.6 %, unlike the a-Si/µc-Si PV technology, which shows more consistent NRMSE values across all sky conditions and most irradiance levels and in average above 0.7 %. These results demonstrate that selecting sky conditions based on the evaluated PV technology is beneficial for enhanced accuracy in outdoor parameter extraction. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Predictability and Interrelations of Spectral Indicators for PV Performance in Multiple Latitudes and Climates(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-07-15)When PV is installed in the field, the module technologies are rated according to their output energy yield under local operating conditions rather than at standard test conditions (STC), where the spectrum is set to AM1.5G. Care must be taken as this standard is not optimal for all latitudes and the solar spectral distribution variations are one primary influencing factor on PV performance. In addition, obtaining an accurate estimate of the spectral effects on PV performance, as set out in standard procedures, is hampered by the cost of gathering the inputs and the large amount of spectral data required for such a calculation. In this work, based on measured spectral irradiance data from nine sites of different latitudes and climates, we first show a characteristic trend in the spectral distribution over the year concerning the location latitude. The closer a site is to the equator, the more blue-rich the solar spectrum is and the fewer seasonal spectral variations it will contain. Then, we calculate and correlate the most popular metrics (device-independent and device-dependent) used to describe the influence of solar spectra on PV performance. In particular, the monthly irradiance-weighted Spectral Mismatch Factor for different PV technologies and Average Photon Energy show a global linear correlation for data from these nine sites. We use this global linear relationship to propose PV technology-dependent equations that predict annual and monthly spectral gains/losses within a prediction half-interval of up to ± 1.66% by only inserting the monthly or annual irradiance-weighted Average Photon Energy potentially for any site. Reducing the required spectral data sets for performance estimation through our methodology facilitates a more accessible and less costly communication of databases than complete spectral data sets. Finally, using this spectral data, we demonstrate statistically that the Spectral Mismatch Factor and Integrated Useful Fraction Ratio can be replaced by alternative spectral metrics, which require only averaged spectra and, thus, reduce the computational effort to estimate the above indicators. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Overirradiance Conditions and Their Impact on the Spectral Distribution at Low- and Mid-Latitude Sites(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-07-15)Lately, the photovoltaics community has shown an increased interest in overirradiance conditions as there is the possibility that such conditions might lead to malfunctions in photovoltaic systems. Varying irradiance levels, recurrence, and duration of such conditions have been reported worldwide, but experimental studies on the spectral distribution of overirradiance conditions are still scarce. This work analyses measured spectral irradiance of overirradiance conditions along with spectra under clear and cloudy sky conditions in three different sites at low- (Lima-Peru) and mid-latitudes (Madrid-Spain and Berlin-Germany) collected for two years. The Average Photon Energy (APE) was used as a representative index of the spectral distribution. For each site, taking the APE under clear sky into account as a reference, it could be shown that the spectra under cloudy skies are blue-shifted, and the overirradiance spectra are red-shifted independently of the location. The red-shift is proportional to the irradiance enhancement intensity. In addition, all sites have different degrees of blue–shift for cloudy skies, with Lima, Madrid, and Berlin exhibiting a difference in APE compared to clear sky conditions of 17 meV, 38 meV, and 43 meV on average, respectively. This difference in APE for the overirradiance conditions compared to clear sky conditions is also independent of the location with a mean value of (8 ± 1) meV. These spectral shift observations experimentally confirm prior assumptions that overirradiance conditions predominantly cause an enhancement of the direct spectral irradiance. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Measurement and Analysis of Annual Solar Spectra at Different Installation Angles in Central Europe(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-12-01)The solar spectra in outdoor installations is very seldom equal to that under standard test conditions. This points to the importance of measuring, analyzing and understanding the implications of solar spectra variations with respect to the performance of solar cells. In this work, we present and analyze one year of sun spectra measured at two different angles in central Europe, where the spectrometers were installed at the optimum inclination angle and in vertical orientation, the latter being relevant for building integrated photovoltaics. We report for the first time the differences between the two inclination angles in terms of key performance indicators, such as average photon energy, blue fraction and spectral factor. Moreover, we show the impact of these spectral changes on the maximum current density of ideal single-junction and tandem devices in tilted and vertical orientations. Red-shifted solar spectra were more often found at the vertical installation in comparison to the optimum installation angle, which translated into up to 30% lower current-mismatch losses in idealized tandem devices throughout the year.