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Item type:Publication, The use and meaning of gold in ancient Peru(Springer, 2021-01-01)Gold as a native metal is found in nature in quartz veins with pyrite and other sulfurous minerals from epigenetic mineral deposits, or in secondary deposits, known as placers, the gold from which is called alluvial gold due to its origin. This metal, with its bright yellow color, was a fundamental element in the Andean worldview and was related to the Sun, an astrological body that was considered a god by ancient Andeans. In this chapter, we will present the history of the gold used to create objects belonging to rulers that were deposited in funerary and architectural contexts, from the oldest piece fabricated in the Andean word to the use and meaning that the ancient inhabitants gave to this noble metal. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Case studies on reverse engineering on ancient metals(Springer, 2021-01-01)Metallic pieces from the archaeological site of the Mapuche Cemetery of Montaña Mesa de Malargüe, located in the southern region of Mendoza, Argentina, were studied. These pieces were made of raw and alloyed copper and can be described as a notched quadrangular ring, three cones, and the hemisphere of a spherical rattle. This study allows us to glimpse that a developed society was inserted south of the Salado River before the arrival of the Spanish colonizers. The studies consisted of metallographic analyzes with the help of a portable microscope, analyzes of the chemical composition carried out with portable X-ray fluorescence equipment and the evaluation of microhardness. The samples were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS). There was evidence of changes in metal working methods, as well as in the use of raw materials, and this can be linked to the processes of social transformation that occurred within Mapuche society. These historic metal pieces were studied as part of the Border Archeometallurgy Project carried out between 2016 and 2017. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Were metal tweezers exclusively used as hair removers in the Central Andes?(Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2024-01-01)In the central Andean territory, tweezers have been made from metals since the Early Horizon period (800-200 B.C.). In pre-Hispanic funerary contexts, they are usually associated with males and were long thought to be used mainly for hair removal since that is how they appear in colonial written and iconographic sources and on pre-Hispanic ceramics. However, significant evidence allows us to verify multiple uses. This article reviews cases reported in the archaeological bibliography and museum records where tweezers are connected to several functions, including textiles, fishing, facial cleansing and, possibly, pre-Hispanic metallurgy. Likewise, we present ethnographic data and primary sources on tweezer use. This data contributes to understanding their various functions and meanings.