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Item type:Publication, Photogrammetry-aided numerical seismic assessment of historical structures composed of adobe, stone and brick masonry: Application to the San Juan Bautista Church built on the Inca temple of Huaytará, Peru(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-04-01)This research presents a cost-effective surveying methodology to assist the seismic assessment of complex heritage buildings, based on terrestrial structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. The method was applied to the study of the seismic performance of the church of San Juan Bautista – Inca temple of Huaytará, Peru, an emblematic case study due to its complex architecture and coexistence of different construction materials. The geometrical model for the seismic assessment was developed with an error of less than 2 % using SfM photogrammetry. Non-linear static pushover analyses were performed on 3D FEM models of the nave and the towers to evaluate their individual response under seismic loading. Mechanical properties of different structural materials of the church were evaluated based on laboratory experimental tests on mortar and adobe, contemporary and ancient fired brick, Inca stone, colonial stone and rubble stone units. Non-linear pushover analyses were conducted in four directions perpendicular to the perimeter walls, and the response of the structure was compared with the seismic demand specified in Peruvian Standards. The simulations show that damage-prone areas are the western and eastern facades, with cracking at the connections between orthogonal walls, as well as at the interface of adobe masonry with Inca stone masonry. The towers exhibit similar seismic response, with lower strength capacities compared to the main nave. In this case, flexural overturning mechanisms and cracking at the interface between stone and adobe masonry were observed. The displacement-based seismic assessment using the N2 method shows that a peak ground acceleration of 0.21 g could lead to the collapse of the north and south facades of the main nave. The towers showed a much smaller capacity with PGA leading to collapse of approximately 0.09 g. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the seismic performance of the Huaytará-Huancavelica church, highlighting vulnerabilities and providing valuable information for its preservation and future interventions. Future investigations should focus on on-site tests that will allow the estimation of the effect of existing damage on the structural response and their incorporation in the numerical model. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Seismic numerical analysis of an Inca stone wall in Sacsayhuaman using rigid body dynamics within a finite element framework(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-07-01)The study and conservation of the stone heritage is a global concern, mainly when the buildings are in seismic zones. Stone structures can be very simple or considerably complex, depending on their style and form of construction. A clear example is the Inca architecture in Peru, which has different and complex typologies due to its cultural diversity. Inca structures of remarkable heritage value are in Cusco, an area of active cortical faults that might produce a seismic event at any time. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the knowledge of the seismic vulnerability analysis of Inca's stone walls by using the dynamics of rigid bodies (within the finite element method) to evaluate the possible out-of-plane failure mechanisms. This methodology allows for reducing the high number of degrees of freedom usually considered when modelling an entire irregular large stone wall by other approaches, such as continuum models. A wall section from the archaeological site of Sacsayhuaman (Cusco, Peru) is analysed as a case study. Each stone is discretised and modelled as a rigid body, and the interaction among blocks is evaluated within a finite element numerical framework. The structure's predominant frequencies are evaluated using updated methods such as white noise and sinusoidal signals. Then, a non-linear dynamic analysis of the studied wall is performed considering three Peruvian seismic records. The analyses show that the structure could suffer significant damage and endanger its structural stability for cortical earthquakes with a Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) greater than 0.2 g. Considering the historical significance of these structures, the analysis of Inca stone walls' seismic safety accounts for potential residual movements between individual stones. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, A Taxonomy for Pre-Hispanic Stone Walls in Southern Peru(Taylor & Francis, 2025-01-01)Due to Peru's outstanding historical and cultural diversity, various pre-Hispanic stone constructions exist. These structures date from the Lithic period (10000 BCE) to the fall of the Inca Empire (1532 CE). Because of environmental conditions and time, these buildings have deteriorated and, in some cases, collapsed. Unfortunately, information about these structures is limited, such as their construction process or structural behaviour. This research proposes a structural classification for southern Peru pre-Hispanic Stone Walls, based on information collected during field visits to different archaeological sites in the regions of Puno and Cusco, Peru. In this taxonomy, eight parameters were considered: the time of construction, the use of the structure, the current height, the leaves and arrangement of the walls, the type of joint, the size of the stones, and the finish of the stones. The classification of the existing typologies was carried out in nineteen stone archaeological sites. This database contributes to the development of the classification of the different stone constructions in Peru, with common criteria for future taxonomic studies of the existing construction typologies.4