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    Women against pirates: Gender and defense in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 17th century
    (Universidad Compultense Madrid, 2024-12-10)
    This article analyzes the participation of women in the “defense of the kingdom”, a male task par excellence. It studies the role played by four women (Catalina de Erauso, Paula Piraldo, the Countess of Lemos Ana de Borja, and the Queen Regent Mariana of Austria) in three episodes of incursions into the Peruvian viceroyalty by the Dutch privateer Joris van Spilbergen and the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan in the seventeenth century. For this purpose, we examine documents from Spanish archives, as well as studies related to these events.
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    Athena in the Andes: The Role of the Women of the Encomendero Group in the Pizarro Rebellion (1544–1548)
    (Universidad de Tarapaca, 2023-01-01)
    Although wars during the Modern Age were mostly considered a male affair, women played a prominent role in them. This article aims to focus on women’s performance and role in the war events of the early Peruvian viceroyalty through an episode that took place during Gonzalo Pizarro’s uprising. The analysis of this event, which involved women of the powerful encomendero group from Arequipa, will allow us to delve into various vital aspects, such as considering women in war or the moral values and gender stereotypes in the American territory during this complex period.