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Item type:Publication, Comparison of different methods for consideration of multifunctionality of Peruvian dairy cattle in Life Cycle Assessment(Elsevier, 2020-10-01)In Andean dairy systems, livestock generates a daily income through the sale of milk and cheese but also fulfils other roles which are crucial for rural livelihoods such as the contribution of protein to local diets, the provision of draught power and organic fertilizer, the reduction of economic risk and the accrual of savings. The objective of this study was to compare different approaches to cope with multifunctionality of livestock in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Based on local data from a smallholder dairy production system in the Southern Peruvian Andes environmental impacts of 1 kg energy corrected milk (ECM) were calculated with LCA methodology considering nine livestock functions: production of dairy products (1) and meat (2) for the market, production of milk for family consumption (3) and as food for calves (4), provision of organic fertilizer (5) and draught power (6), role as savings asset (7), risk insurance (8) and part of family tradition (9). Impacts were distributed among these functions using different methodological approaches: NA, no allocation; EM, economic allocation to market products; ET, economic allocation to all livestock functions; FP, allocation according to farmers´ perception and SE, system expansion (substitution). The results varied considerably depending on the method used. 1 kg of ECM contributed to global warming with 1.65, 1.38, 1.25, 0.71 and 0.89 kg CO2-equivalents using mehods NA, EM, ET, FP and SE, respectively. Similar patterns were observed for acidification and eutrophication potentials. Enteric fermentation was the main source of greenhouse gases whereas eutrophication and acidification potentials were determined by alfalfa pasture management. The results of the study showed that: (i) LCA results are highly sensitive to the number and types of livestock functions considered and the allocation criteria applied, (ii) that the economic value of livestock functions does not necessarily reflect their importance for rural livelihoods and (iii) that the application of system expansion/substitution to livestock systems is limited due to lacking equivalency of functions and products from alternative production systems. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Assessment of the potential responses of ecosystem services to anthropogenic threats in the Eten wetland, Peru(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021-01-01)Coastal wetlands are currently threatened by human drivers, such as agriculture, infrastructure development, and urban sprawl. Pressures on these ecosystems disturb their morphology and biogeochemical cycles, resulting in the degradation of ecosystem services. However, little has been done to understand the wetland response to identify proper conservation strategies. Along the Peruvian coast, wetlands present a diversity of landscapes that face similar threats and pressures; however, the ecosystem response in each one may be different. This study aims to assess the environmental impacts on ecosystem services based on the understanding of geomorphic features and the status of the Eten coastal wetland (Peru). Methods: The methodology combines the application of open-source GIS tools and the collection of field data to characterize the geomorphic settings and to analyze the changes in environmental parameters. Then, the main threats and pressures on the Eten wetland are defined and related to impacts on ecosystem services using a cause-effect model. Results: Overall, the results indicated that the river plays a vital role in defining the wetland landscape and functions. The biological diversity of aquatic habitats is disturbed by hydraulic structures and agricultural activities. Current land use affects supporting and regulation services, such as water regulation. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Cradle-to-Grave Environmental Analysis of an Alpaca Fiber Sweater Produced in Peru(Elsevier B.V., 2023-12-20)Animal fibers are an important raw material for the fashion industry but have recently been discussed due to the environmental impacts related to their production. In order to provide scientific information for decision-making in the Peruvian alpaca sector a cradle to grave carbon footprint of one (01) wear of a 100 % alpaca fiber sweater has been conducted. For the modeling of the fiber procurement stage primary data regarding livestock management and annual production parameters were obtained from interviews with 42 Peruvian alpaca herders from the main producing regions in South and Central Peru. Data for the processing stages (spinning and dyeing, knitting and weaving) were collected by means of interviews and questionnaires from three alpaca fashion companies in Arequipa and Lima. The distribution, use, and end-of-life stages were modeled with secondary data. The resulting carbon footprint of one wear of the alpaca fiber sweater is 0.449 kg CO2 equivalents (CO2e). Most emissions occur during the lifecycle stages of fiber production and distribution (70 % and 14 % of CO2e emissions, respectively). Methane emissions from enteric fermentation account for 87 % of the impact within the fiber procurement stage. The environmental impacts during the distribution stage were dominated by retailing and road transport in the destination countries and export by air and sea (53.1 % and 46.4 % of carbon emissions in this stage, respectively). Other life cycle stages were found to be less relevant emission sources. The study concluded that the main strategies for impact mitigation should focus on improving the efficiency of the fiber procurement systems. Furthermore, several knowledge gaps have been identified and should be addressed by future research regarding methane emissions associated with the main co-products of the livestock systems, ecosystem services in the Andes and especially Andean wetlands and potential mitigation strategies of greenhouse gases related to different pasture management options. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Life cycle assessment of organic chocolate production in Peru(Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)Limited studies have been conducted in Latin America related to the environmental profile of cocoa and chocolate production using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The current study conducts a cradle-to-gate LCA of the production of organic chocolate products in Peru, considering cocoa cultivation practices by a group of 21 female producers located in central Peru in the year 2022. Data were collected on-site at cultivation sites and processing plant using questionnaires with the technical staff. Beyond fossil and biogenic emissions linked to cultivation, transport of dried cocoa, and manufacturing activities at the chocolate producing plant, carbon capture on fields by cocoa and shading trees was modeled and included in the carbon balance. A total of 8 impact categories were selected, considering different environmental compartments. Results for global warming using the main scenario show a range of values from 4.33 kg CO 2 eq per kilogram of final chocolate product to 4.88 kg CO 2 eq. Most impacts are derived from the production of dry cocoa beans and, to a lesser extent, upstream sugarcane production. However, important differences were evident when the individual cocoa producers were analyzed, with agroforestry systems presenting lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than cocoa monocrops. Regarding water scarcity, the activities at the chocolate processing plant were found to contribute more than water use at the cocoa cultivation sites. For other impact categories, toxicity emissions at the cultivation site were relatively low given the organic characteristics of the fields, which do not use conventional pesticides. The post-harvest management of the cocoa pods (i.e., composting) is a critical source of GHG emissions. Hence, adequate composting conditions maintain methane emissions low, but direct return of the pods to the field can generate a substantial increase in GHG emissions. Carbon sequestration from above ground biomass, mainly from shading and cocoa trees, appears to mitigate an important fraction of these emissions if shading is homogeneous and sufficiently dense across the fields. • A Life Cycle Assessment was conducted on the production of organic chocolate in Peru. • A group of 21 producers was sampled for organic cocoa practices in central Peru. • A full characterization of the biogenic carbon cycle in cultivation sites was modeled. • Global warming results show better results for agroforestry systems and cocoa pod husk composting practices. • Manufacturing stage impacts are dominated by water use, cooling agents and upstream sugar production.2