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    Vulnerability as a Business Outcome: Evidence from a Global Platform-Work Across Africa, Latin America, and North America
    (Taylor & Francis, 2026-01-01)
    Platform-mediated work has become a defining feature of global labor markets, yet research continues to conceptualize worker vulnerability primarily as an individual condition or an unintended by-product of regulatory gaps. Drawing on international business theory, this study reconceptualizes vulnerability as a business outcome of platform internationalization. Following an inductive qualitative research and semi-structured interviews with 30 tutors working on a global online tutoring platform across Latin America, Africa, and North America, the study examines how standardized platform governance mechanisms generate and stabilize vulnerability across heterogeneous institutional contexts. The findings show that platform practices such as unpaid trial work, pricing architectures, ratings-based visibility, and unilateral enforcement systematically externalize economic and social risks onto workers. Vulnerability persists not because workers are unaware of these risks, but because platform-provided economic and organizational advantages such as relative income gains, flexibility, global market access, and purpose-driven work, function as stabilization mechanisms that sustain participation. Latin America emerges as a critical explanatory context where weak institutional buffers and limited labor market alternatives intensify dependence on platform income, rendering vulnerability a durable condition rather than a transitional state. By demonstrating how standardized platform governance interacts with institutional asymmetries to produce uneven vulnerability outcomes, this study advances international business research on gig multinational platforms and highlights the social consequences of scalable global business models in Latin America and beyond.
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    Vulnerability and adaptive resilience in global platform work: Cross-cultural insights from tutors across emerging and developed economies
    (SAGE Publishing, 2026-01-01)
    This study explores how professional language tutors working on a global digital platform navigate the challenges of platform work across culturally and economically diverse contexts. Drawing on grounded theory and interviews with tutors from emerging and developed economies, we develop a process model of how individuals respond to platform vulnerability, build adaptive resilience, and sustain professional identity in the absence of formal organizational structures. The findings reveal that tutors construct resilience through emotional regulation, cultural mediation, and relational engagement, enabling them to manage systemic demands and craft meaningful roles within algorithmically governed environments. We show that while core practices are shared, the meaning, motivation, and consequences of these strategies vary significantly across contexts. Tutors in emerging economies emphasize economic continuity and social positioning, while those in developed economies focus on autonomy and intrinsic purpose. This study contributes to cross-cultural management by theorizing how resilience and identity are enacted through culturally situated practices, and by illuminating the contextual conditions that shape agency in global platform work.