3. Producción
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Item type:Publication, Keynesianismo, monetarismo y nueva macroeconomía "clásica"(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1999)This essay presents the keynesian and monetarisit approaches to the effects of monetary policies on output and employment. The keynesians argue that the monetary authorities could permanently increase output or employment by raising monetary growth, trading this off against a higher wage and price inflation. But, according to monetarists, a government attempting to trade off a higher inflation rate against lower unemployment will merely obtain a short run reduction in unemployment and a permanently higher inflation rate. The answer of new classical macroeconomists to monetarists is also analyzed. Monetarist argument is based on the adaptive expectations hypothesis. For the new classical economists real income and employment respond only to unanticipated demand changes; output never systematically deviates from its natural level and systematic government policy cannot affect real output or employment. This policy neutrality result is based on the rational expectations hypothesis. The meaning of policy optimality and Lucas critique are also analyzed. Finally, the essay presents the three basic methods for solving problems with rational expectation. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Macroeconomía Keynesiana de la determinación de los niveles de producción y empleo(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1999)Different keynesian models of output and employment determination are examined in this essay: from simple keynesian model to models with social classes and two and three economic sectors. The last ones belong to Kalecki, Kaldor, Pasinetti and Nell. In all of these models the principle of effective demand is corroborated: if there is a local producer sector of capital goods, investment creates its own saving through the multiplier. Capitalists get what they spend while workers spend what they get. Several basic concepts are analyzed in this essay: aggregate demand and aggregate supply, different approaches to consumption, the marginal efficiency of capital, Tobin´s q, acceleration principle, and cycles related to the accelerator and the multiplier. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Agregados macroeconómicos y contabilidad nacional(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1999)This essay is concerned with the basic concepts of National Income and Product Accounts, which are used mostly for macroeconomic analysis. The Input-Output Accounts are also analyzed in order to discuss, once again, the different methods of GDP estimation. Moreover, Monetary Flows and Balance of Payments Accounts are presented emphasizing on their relationships. Finally, several index numbers are examined comparing their characteristics and differences.