3. Producción
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Item type:Publication, Perú 1990-2021: la causa del “milagro” económico ¿Constitución de 1993 o Superciclo de las materias primas?(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2023-08)Analizando la experiencia de crecimiento económico de Perú entre 1993-2021, este documento muestra: a) metodológicamente, el uso correcto del Método de Control Sintético (SCM); y, b) analíticamente, que el alto crecimiento económico de Perú entre 2002-2016 no tiene ninguna relación con la Constitución Política de 1993 (CP93), sino con el Superciclo de los Precios de las Materias Primas en particular, de los minerales que duró algo más de una década, desde 2002-2003. Nuestros resultados son abiertamente diferentes de los obtenidos por Waldo Mendoza en Constitución y Crecimiento Económico 1993-2021. Además, en consonancia con el papel del superciclo, en este trabajo se analizan las consecuencias del modelo, política y económicamente extractivista, establecido en el Perú desde 1990. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crecimiento económico: enfoques y modelos. Capítulo 5 – Teoría del crecimiento endógeno(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2010)In order to explain growth in per capita output, an exogenous technical change is introduced into the neoclassical models. The new growth theory emerges as a critical to this explanation and considers that technical change is an endogenous result. Hence, the new theory abandons the neoclassical production function and the decreasing marginal returns to capital. The first section of this chapter explains in more detail the emergence of the endogenous growth theory. In the second and third sections, we present the theories of endogenous growth of first and second generation. In the fourth section, we analyze the main theoretic tools used by the endogenous growth models: constant or increasing returns to scale, the introduction of education, job training and human capital, the development of new technologies, innovation and institutions. Finally, the fifth section revises the economic policy implications. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crecimiento económico: enfoques y modelos. Capítulo 6 – Teoría del crecimiento dirigida por la demanda(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2010)This chapter contains several models of demand led growth. In the first section we present the model of Thirlwall (1979) which analyzes the restrictions that are imposed on economic growth by the balance of payments. In the second section, we present the model of investment led growth developed by Barbosa-Filho (1999). In the third section, we analyze the debate about the persistence of demand shocks in the long run and we develop the model of Dutt and Ros (2009). In the fourth section we introduce the model of wage led growth and profit led growth developed by Dutt and Ros (2007). Finally we present an alternative endogenous growth model developed by Bhaduri (2006). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crecimiento económico: enfoques y modelos. Capítulo 7 - política económica, crecimiento y desarrollo(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2010)This chapter is a miscellaneous of topics all related to economic policy and development. After discussing the space for the State intervention left in the different growth approaches, in the second section, we present the importance of macroeconomic policy, institutions and democracy to growth and development. In the third section we present the role of trade, financial markets, among others, in economic growth and development. The fourth section analyzes the relation between growth, poverty, inequality and unemployment. The chapter ends with the analyses of the growth experience of some countries and the identification of the strategy of development adopted. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crecimiento y desindustrialización prematura en Perú. Un análisis Kaldoriano(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2017-07)The main purpose of this study is to show if the Peruvian manufacturing industry maintains its leadership in the process of economic growth and in the increase of labor productivity, after twenty-five years of reforms and neoliberal policies. The theoretical basis of this study is Kaldorian-Keynesian, according to which economic growth is determined primarily by demand factors. Kaldor’s laws, according to which the growth of manufacturing drives growth in GDP, the growth of labor productivity in manufacturing itself and in the economy as a whole, are statistically and econometrically evaluated. The period of analysis covers 65 years from 1950 to 2015, incorporating both the period of state-led industrialization and the twenty-five years of neoliberalism also led by the State. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Perú 1895-2019: Continuidad de la Dependencia Externa y Desindustrialización Prematura(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2024-06)Este trabajo trata de mostrar que el Perú ha seguido desempeñando el papel de productor de materias primas durante cerca de 150 años desde la década de los años 1870, no obstante haber ocurrido cambios dramáticos en el escenario internacional, en su institucionalidad política y estructura de poder económico. Los intentos de redefinición de este estilo de crecimiento, en distintos momentos de este largo período, fueron frustrados por la persistencia del dominio conservador-defensivo en las élites de poder político y económico. Cambiaron los actores y los pesos relativos de las actividades económicas en la generación del PBI y del empleo, pero no hubo solución de continuidad en la dependencia de la economía de los requerimientos y dinámica de los mercados de los países industrializados, ni en el relativo desinterés de las elites por transformar las relaciones sociales internas a favor de la población campesina y rural para construir un Estado incluyente y democrático - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Capacidad productiva, cambio técnico y productividad: Estimaciones alternativas del producto de largo plazo(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2018-03)Esta investigación presenta las estimaciones del producto de largo plazo y de la brecha del producto, correspondientes a dos enfoques teóricos. El primero es el enfoque del crecimiento dirigido por la demanda. Se estiman dos modelos de producción de largo plazo. El modelo de Shaikh y Moudud (2004) con una ligera modificación para captar el cambio técnico determinado por la demanda en el sentido Kaldoriano (Kaldor, 1957); y, el modelo de Thirlwall (1979) según el cual las tasas teóricas de crecimiento de largo plazo de la economía están determinadas, en el largo plazo, por las tasas de crecimiento de las exportaciones. El segundo enfoque es el neoclásico de Solow-Swan (1956). Este enfoque sostiene que el crecimiento de largo plazo está limitado por factores de oferta y, entre estos se encuentran ciertamente los factores de producción capital y trabajo. Se utiliza la misma técnica de cointegración para estimar los modelos de ambos enfoques para de este modo facilitar su comparación. This research presents the estimates of the long-term product and the output gap, corresponding to two theoretical approaches. The first is the demand-led growth approach. Two models of long-term production are estimated. The Shaikh and Moudud model (2004) with a slight modification to capture the technical change determined by demand in the Kaldorian sense (Kaldor, 1957); and, Thirlwall’s model (1979) according to which the theoretical long-term growth rates of the economy are determined by the growth rates of exports. The second approach is the neoclassical Solow-Swan (1956). This approach holds that long-term growth is limited by supply factors and, among these, capital and labor factors of production are certainly found. The same cointegration technique is used to estimate the models of both approaches in order to facilitate their comparison. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crecimiento económico: Enfoques y modelos. Capítulo 3 – La controversia sobre la teoría del capital y la teoría del crecimiento(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2010)This chapter contains the capital theory controversy that took place among the most important economists from the universities of Cambridge (UK) and Cambridge (Mass.). First, we present the neoclassical propositions which are summarized in the neoclassical parables. The second section contains Robinson’s criticism to the neoclassical capital theory and Garegnani’s criticism to the decreasing marginal productivity theory. Third, we summarize the Samuelson attempt of validating the neoclassical production function and his main mistakes. The fourth section presents the Solow response and Nell’s criticism. Finally, we present the main contributions of the capital theory controversy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crecimiento económico: enfoques y modelos. Capítulo 4 – Crecimiento distribución del ingreso y empleo(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2010)This chapter includes the Keynesian models of Kaldor and Pasinetti, which introduce the variations in the functional distribution of income between profits and wages, in order to explain how the warranted rate of growth may adjust to the natural growth rate, generating a growth path with full employment of labor. The first and second sections present the Kaldor and Pasinetti models. The third section presents the neoclassical extension of the Pasinetti model developed by Samuelson and Modigliani. The fourth section presents the debate about the existence of two classes in the economy. The fifth section analyses the relationship between growth, distribution and inflation. The chapter ends with the development of a kaldorian model which incorporates the government. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crecimiento económico: enfoques y modelos. Capítulo 1 – Introducción: la teoría del crecimiento, concepto básicos y breve historia(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2010)This is an introductory chapter to the theory of economic growth. It starts analyzing the objet of the growth theory and the distinction between long term growth and fluctuations. The chapter includes data about Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GDP per capita for different countries from a comparative perspective, relating such an evolution to the economic policies undertaken in those countries. Some useful mathematic tools to facilitate the understanding of the different growth approaches are developed too. Basic notions, as production function, growth accounting and others concepts related to growth theory, are specified. Moreover, this chapter includes present a brief summary of the history of the economic growth theories highlighting the subjects of theoretical concern in different moments of the capitalism development. Finally the chapter ends with an analysis of some stylized facts of economic growth.