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Item type:Publication, Estudio del efecto del polvo y estimación de la potencia nominal en un string fotovoltaico(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)La cantidad de polvo depositado en la superficie de un panel depende de los parámetros ambientales. Estos son de naturaleza aleatoria (ej. humedad, velocidad del viento y temperatura ambiente) lo que dificulta su modelamiento teórico. El presente trabajo describe el efecto del polvo calculando el factor de reducción (ηpolvo) y modelando su dependencia en el tiempo. Para lograr esto, se llevó una campaña experimental en tres strings tándem (a-Si / µc-Si) de 1.15 kW ubicados en la cuidad de Lima, dividida en dos periodos de tiempo. El primer periodo, del 15.07.2016 al 04.07.2017, los tres string se limpiaron dos veces semanalmente. La potencia nominal fue calculada para los días con cielo despejado. Se encontró que entre cada string existen ligeras diferencias o mismatch en la potencia nominal, lo que se consideró estimar un factor de corrección (k) con el propósito de reajustar la potencia de salida. En la segunda etapa del 05.07.2017 al 05.07.2018, se dejó que el polvo se deposite de manera natural, estudiando el efecto del polvo en la caída energética mediante el factor de reducción. Comprender este factor será de importancia para las operaciones de mantenimiento de los strings ubicados en ese entorno especifico. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Procedimiento del cálculo de la potencia nominal de un generador fotovoltaico(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)La potencia nominal de un sistema fotovoltaico es un parámetro útil en la determinación de la condición en el que se encuentra el generador fotovoltaico. En el presente trabajo se siguió el procedimiento planteado por Martínez-Moreno, el cual se apoya en el modelo de Osterwald. Durante el desarrollo del procedimiento se observó el efecto de histéresis en diferente medida a lo largo de la campaña experimental. Los valores de la potencia corregida versus irradiancia diferían a lo largo del día, incluso cuando los valores de irradiancia y temperatura del módulo son similares. Lo que conllevaba a una incertidumbre en la inclusión de todos los datos. Debido a esto, se busca la adición de un filtro de los datos en el procedimiento de la estimación de la potencia nominal como complemento a lo propuesto por Martínez-Moreno en un intento de esclarecer el cálculo en generadores que presenten este comportamiento no lineal. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Puesta en marcha de un laboratorio para la caracterización de tecnologías fotovoltaicas a sol real bajo las condiciones climáticas de Lima(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)En este trabajo se presenta el diseño, la implementación y los primeros resultados de un Laboratorio de Investigación Fotovoltaica desarrollado en las instalaciones del Grupo de Ciencia de Materiales y Energías Renovables (MatER-PUCP) de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú en colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Solar y Automática (IDEA) de la Universidad de Jaén (UJA) de España. Este laboratorio es uno de los primeros en el país con el equipamiento adecuado para la calibración y certificación de diferentes tecnologías, comerciales y emergentes, de módulos fotovoltaicos en el mercado peruano. Los resultados que se esperan obtener mediante una extensa campaña experimental, que inició en mayo del 2019, podrán ser ofertados a empresas u otras instituciones públicas, como estudios detallados del comportamiento y degradación de las diferentes tecnologías de módulos fotovoltaicos en función de las condiciones climáticas particulares de la ciudad de Lima (niveles de irradiancia y su componente difuso, temperatura de operación, humedad, distribución espectral, y polvo). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Identifying barriers and opportunities in the deployment of the residential photovoltaic prosumer segment in Chile(Elsevier, 2021-06-01)Photovoltaic (PV) prosumers can play a significant role in the transition toward sustainable cities. However, the implementation of more effective policies which accelerate the deployment of this market is needed. In this study, after an overview of the residential PV prosumer (RPVP) market's status in Chile, critical parameters that can speed-up the deployment of this segment through policy decisions were identified. Considering the local conditions of each regional capital in Chile, the segment is analyzed with widely-used econometric techniques to evaluate the residential PV systems feasibility empirically. The results show that the Chilean regulatory framework is insufficient for exploiting the potential of the RPVP. Without effective policy instruments, high investment costs and low income per household are the main barriers in the deployment of the segment in this country. Therefore, suitable promotion energy policies, regulatory changes, and financing options can accelerate the deployment without majorly impacting on the national budget. This would let citizens help accelerate decarbonization through a more decentralized and democratic energy transition, gaining socio-economic and socio-environmental benefits, based on solar PV technology. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Estimation of the effective nominal power of a photovoltaic generator under non-ideal operating conditions(Elsevier, 2021-12-20)The nominal power is an essential parameter for evaluating the general state of a photovoltaic plant. The American Society for Testing and Materials, the International Electrotechnical Commission and other works propose procedures that allow estimating the nominal power of a photovoltaic generator in outdoor conditions. These procedures generally require monitoring days with ideal conditions, particularly clear sky days with high irradiance values and low wind speeds. These restrictions can limit the available number of monitoring days, especially in places with frequent cloud formations. In this work, a 109.44 kW photovoltaic plant was monitored for six months in Granada, Spain. Its nominal power is first estimated applying a referential procedure reported in the literature for large PV plants under the required ideal climatic conditions. In order to overcome the restrictions for estimating the nominal power, we propose a new procedure applicable not only for ideal but also for non-ideal conditions, such as found on partially cloudy days. This new procedure applies non-parametric statistics to find the most probable value of the nominal power within a single monitoring day. A statistical analysis indicates that it reliably estimates the nominal power at non-ideal conditions while preserving the same estimation accuracy as under ideal conditions. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Spectral effects on the energy yield of various photovoltaic technologies in Lima (Peru)(Elsevier, 2021-05-15)This study presents for the first time the spectral impact on the performance of different photovoltaic (PV) technologies in Lima, Peru. We experimentally monitored the spectral distributions over one year (March 2019–February 2020). The average photon energy (APE) is calculated as a representative parameter to evaluate the spectral distributions. The spectral mismatch factor (MM) enables an estimation of the spectral gains of distinct PV technologies: amorphous silicon (a-Si), perovskite, cadmium telluride (CdTe), multicrystalline silicon (multi-Si), monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) and copper indium gallium selenide with two distinct band-gaps (CIGS-1 and CIGS-2). We found that the annual APE has a value of 1.923 eV, indicating that the spectrum is shifted to shorter wavelengths. In contrast to studies performed in other locations, the spectral distribution shows relatively small monthly APE value variations. This nearly negligible seasonality could be attributed to the low latitude and the particular climate in Lima. Larger-bandgap PV technologies, such as a-Si, perovskite, and CdTe, resulted in annual spectral gains of +6.8%, +4.8%, and +2.1%, respectively. Lower-bandgap PV technologies (CIGS-2, multi-Si, CIGS-1, and mono-Si), present small annual spectral gains of −0.9%, −1.4%, −1.6% and −2.3%, respectively. Also, a quasi-linear correlation between APE and MM was found for all PV technologies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Assessing the accuracy of analytical methods for extracting parameters of different PV module technologies under clear and cloudy sky conditions(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-12-01)Accurately determining single-diode model parameters yields essential insights into the photovoltaic (PV) device performance and behavior. Analytical methods for extracting these parameters often rely on mathematical assumptions typically valid under controlled indoor conditions. Applying these methods to PV modules in the field introduces complexities due to varying environmental conditions and module technologies, leading to divergencies between parameters extracted under outdoor and indoor conditions. This study closes the gap in analyzing the retrieved parameters under intricate outdoor conditions by differentiating between all-, clear-, and cloudy-sky conditions and varying irradiances for different PV technologies. We examine three methods over a year of outdoor I-V curves from Al-BSF, HIT, and a-Si/µc-Si PV modules in Lima, Peru, a low-latitude site. The findings represent the first mid-term study by the country's premier laboratory uniquely equipped for diverse outdoor PV module characterization. We evaluate the accuracy of each method using the Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) by comparing experimental against simulated I-V curves derived from the extracted parameters. Our findings reveal that the parameters for the Al-BSF and HIT modules under all-sky conditions align with reported outdoor trends for varying irradiances, while under clear skies, they correspond with indoor trends. In terms of accuracy, the methods by Phang et al. and de Blas et al. consistently achieve an average NRMSE below 1 % across all PV module types under all-sky conditions. However, when differentiating between sky conditions, the NRMSE values for the Al-BSF and HIT modules are notably lower under clear sky conditions at any irradiance level, preserving a mean value below 0.6 %, unlike the a-Si/µc-Si PV technology, which shows more consistent NRMSE values across all sky conditions and most irradiance levels and in average above 0.7 %. These results demonstrate that selecting sky conditions based on the evaluated PV technology is beneficial for enhanced accuracy in outdoor parameter extraction. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Predictability and Interrelations of Spectral Indicators for PV Performance in Multiple Latitudes and Climates(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-07-15)When PV is installed in the field, the module technologies are rated according to their output energy yield under local operating conditions rather than at standard test conditions (STC), where the spectrum is set to AM1.5G. Care must be taken as this standard is not optimal for all latitudes and the solar spectral distribution variations are one primary influencing factor on PV performance. In addition, obtaining an accurate estimate of the spectral effects on PV performance, as set out in standard procedures, is hampered by the cost of gathering the inputs and the large amount of spectral data required for such a calculation. In this work, based on measured spectral irradiance data from nine sites of different latitudes and climates, we first show a characteristic trend in the spectral distribution over the year concerning the location latitude. The closer a site is to the equator, the more blue-rich the solar spectrum is and the fewer seasonal spectral variations it will contain. Then, we calculate and correlate the most popular metrics (device-independent and device-dependent) used to describe the influence of solar spectra on PV performance. In particular, the monthly irradiance-weighted Spectral Mismatch Factor for different PV technologies and Average Photon Energy show a global linear correlation for data from these nine sites. We use this global linear relationship to propose PV technology-dependent equations that predict annual and monthly spectral gains/losses within a prediction half-interval of up to ± 1.66% by only inserting the monthly or annual irradiance-weighted Average Photon Energy potentially for any site. Reducing the required spectral data sets for performance estimation through our methodology facilitates a more accessible and less costly communication of databases than complete spectral data sets. Finally, using this spectral data, we demonstrate statistically that the Spectral Mismatch Factor and Integrated Useful Fraction Ratio can be replaced by alternative spectral metrics, which require only averaged spectra and, thus, reduce the computational effort to estimate the above indicators.