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Mechanical characterization of adobe masonry
(Springer Nature, 2021-01-01)
The characterization of the mechanical properties and behaviour of adobe masonry is fundamental for the understanding of the structural behaviour of adobe constructions. Thus, in the last decades, experimental studies focused on this topic have been carried out by different authors. Many of the existing experimental works, however, were carried out aiming to support broader studies focused on the seismic behaviour of adobe constructions and are not very detailed. Moreover, authors tend to adopt different procedures in their experimental work, since there are few indications in existing standards for testing adobe masonry. The wide variety in materials used, both for the adobes and mortars, further complicates this work, making it difficult to compare results obtained in different studies. This chapter provides an overview of the indications given by standards and other technical recommendations for the mechanical testing of adobe masonry. It presents a review of existing research on the mechanical behaviour of adobe masonry, addressing studies that focus on: (i) compression behaviour, (ii) shear behaviour, (iii) joint shear behaviour. It provides a global analysis of the existing knowledge, suggesting improvements for normative documents and identifying future research needs.
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Mechanical characterization of adobe bricks
(Springer Nature, 2021-01-01)
The mechanical characterization of adobe bricks is an important first step in the study of the behaviour of adobe masonry. For this reason, in the last decades, different authors have conducted research on the mechanical behaviour of adobes from various regions of the world. Despite the importance of mechanical characterization, there are still only a few standards and normative documents with clear indications for the mechanical testing of earthen materials and, in general, these indications are not thorough and vary among different countries. Consequently, authors tend to adopt different types of test specimens and procedures in their experimental work, thus obtaining results that are not directly comparable. The fact that the materials and procedures traditionally used are also not standardized, varying greatly from region to region, also contributes to the difficulty of comparing results from different studies. This chapter presents a review of the indications provided by codes, standards and other technical recommendations for the mechanical testing of adobe bricks, as well as a detailed review of procedures adopted, and results obtained by different authors regarding the mechanical characterization of traditional adobe bricks. This chapter focuses, in particular, on the behaviour of adobe bricks when subjected to simple compression. It provides an overview of the existing knowledge and identifies needs for future research and development.
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Seismic strengthening techniques for adobe construction
(Springer Nature, 2021-01-01)
Heavy damage to adobe constructions observed after earthquakes, experimental programmes and numerical simulations have demonstrated high vulnerability levels that require appropriate strengthening measures. Given that a large fraction of adobe constructions are located in less developed countries, there is a need for effective strengthening techniques that are low-cost and easy to install at the same time. In this chapter, a comprehensive selection of research studies is critically reviewed to provide useful information to researchers and professionals involved in the conservation and retrofit of adobe constructions.
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Research developments and needs on seismic performance and strengthening of adobe masonry constructions
(Springer Nature, 2021-01-01)
The significant amount of studies on adobe masonry constructions, which have received growing interest from researchers and practitioners, allows preliminary conclusions on the state-of-the-art to be drawn. Besides, several research needs can be delineated to create the basis for knowledge development and implementation of seismic risk mitigation programmes. Past studies moved from material characterization to structural performance assessment through numerical simulation and experimental testing, as well as seismic strengthening. Future lines of research could focus on test standardisation, non-destructive and minor-destructive testing, full-scale testing to support structural modelling and strengthening, and numerical simulation through discrete element and equivalent frame methods.

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