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Item type:Publication, Cultivo de coca y minería ilegal en la Amazonía peruana(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-12-02)This article provides a narrative synthesis of the academic literature on coca cultivation and illegal mining in the Peruvian Amazon. Through secondary sources, it analyzes the expansion of these illicit economies into the eastern Amazon. In addition, the article presents and discusses four myths about illicit economies prevalent in public debate and the media, which prevent an understanding of the complexity behind these phenomena. The myths revolve around i) a full understanding of the extent and distribution of coca cultivation and illegal mining, ii) the existence of a direct relationship between illicit economies and violence, iii) the role of indigenous peoples in the expansion of these activities and, finally, iv) the absence or limited presence of the State in these contexts. Based on a narrative review of the literature, this article uses the findings of recent empirical evidence to question the validity of these myths. The article concludes with research conclusions and recommendations for the study of illicit economies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Slow environmental justice: The Cuninico oil spill and the legal struggle against oil pollution in Peruvian Amazonia(Routledge, 2024-01-01)This paper analyzes a case of environmental activism after one of the largest oil spills in Peruvian Amazonia, the 2014 Cuninico oil spill. A relatively more independent judiciary, environmental legislation, and weak though autonomous regulatory agencies led to a shift in institutional opportunity structure over the previous 20 years. The embryonic environmental state produced evidence of environmental harm and sanctioned state-owned oil enterprise Petroperú. However, that was not enough to produce timely measures to protect the affected communities. Indigenous peoples affected by the spill worked with human rights lawyers and civil society coalitions to bring the company to court. Almost a decade of high court activism has meant a burdensome process of ‘lawfare’ with important legal triumphs for plaintiffs. In 2020, a historic ruling mandated financial compensation for affected communities. Despite these triumphs, the long wait for the restitution of justice hints at an uncertain future.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, From denial to dilution: state response to environmental disaster in Peru(Elsevier BV, 2026-03-01)In this paper, we examine the two largest oil spills in Peru's history: the Cuninico inland disaster of 2014 and the Ventanilla offshore spill of 2022. At face value these two cases seem distinct: one characterized by very little environmental data and governmental accountability bound with domestic courts, and another with significant scientific documentation and tremendous international legal pressure. However, we show that in both cases, states respond with a four-fold process designed to assert their legitimacy amid severe environmental crises: denial, delegation, data collection, and deliberation. Through this process, states quell public discontent and dilute their responsibility. In explaining how nation-states respond to environmental crises, the existing political economy of development literature argues that weak state capacity is often to blame for poor disaster response. However, attributing environmental failures solely to state weakness offers an incomplete explanation. Ironically, developing countries such as Peru, demonstrate strength to promote extractive industries, yet not as much to regulate or halt them. Thus, the resulting weak environmental institutions can be seen not a cause of poor environmental outcomes, but rather a consequence of extractive development in Peru. By integrating the strategic ignorance literature, we show that “non-knowledge” is deployed by weak states in the aftermath of a disaster, when significant environmental data is both present and not present. Thus, we argue that strategic ignorance is a form of statecraft that enables extractive corporations to continue with business-as-usual, perpetuating cycles of resource exploitation and social inequality without true accountability.2 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Coca is gone: Evaluating the unintended consequences of crop eradication on educational outcomes in a former cocaine enclave in the Upper Peruvian Amazon(Elsevier BV, 2026-06-01)Crop eradication is the main policy aimed at reducing the production of coca cultivation in cocaine producing countries. This article analyzes the unintended consequences that Peru's largest crop eradication campaign had on educational outcomes in the former cocaine enclave of Upper Huallaga and Monzón Valleys (UHMV). Employing a town identification approach that followed crop eradication on a yearly basis between 2007 and 2013, together with the quantification of eradicated coca, we selected 325 towns located in UHMV. After checking for identification assumptions and sensitivity checks, our Differences-in-Differences results show that crop eradication reduced almost 1.5 years of schooling for the youngest cohort relative to older age cohorts. Additionally, our results suggest that crop eradication affected other educational outcomes, including a decrease in the probability of school completion and contributed to an increase in illiteracy in the study area. Our exploration of mechanisms suggests that educational outcomes are negatively affected by crop eradication because without coca young people take on more household and family-business work, especially when the household head is self-employed.