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Item type:Publication, Contextualizing Scenarios to Explore Social-Ecological Futures: A Three Step Participatory Case Study for the Humboldt Current Upwelling System(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020-10-21)In the face of global change, the exploration of possible futures of marine social-ecological systems (MSES) becomes increasingly important. A variety of models aims at improving our understanding of ecosystem dynamics and complexities by assessing how systems react to internal and external drivers of change. However, these models are often built from a natural-science perspective through a reductionist and top-down knowledge production process that does not engage with the interests, concerns and knowledge of stakeholders. Our work explores different futures of the Peruvian MSES tied to the Humboldt Current Upwelling System (HCUS) through a sequential integrative participatory scenario process. The methodology used opens novel ways to explore, at different contextual levels, the uncertainties of the future and, in doing so, to include diverging world views of different actors. This approach implies a broader social processing of scientific projections about the future and encourages the articulation of different notions of sustainability. We thereby contribute to current scientific discussions on scenario planning in MSES by exploring potential futures through the analysis of narratives, a process that helps to identify plausible future development pathways that can inform different types of ecosystem modelling or policy making. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Monitoreos hídricos comunitarios: conocimientos locales como defensa territorial y ambiental en Argentina, Perú y Colombia(Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Ecuador, 2020-12-10)En Latinoamérica, en el contexto de la expansión de proyectos de minería a gran escala y dadas sus consecuencias socioambientales y territoriales, se han implementado diversos monitoreos del agua (institucionales y empresariales) basados en conocimientos técnicos que desvalorizan otros conocimientos. Por lo tanto, han emergido los monitoreos hídricos comunitarios (MHC), una estrategia para posicionar las concepciones y los conocimientos locales como una herramienta política, con la que se visibiliza y cuestiona los efectos de la minería en el agua. De igual manera, las comunidades han establecido redes con la academia, las ONG y las organizaciones sociales, y así propiciar el diálogo entre sus conocimientos y los conocimientos técnicos, con el fin de generar contranarrativas frente a los indicadores e informes institucionales o empresariales sobre la calidad del agua, y como estrategia de defensa territorial frente a la minería. Nos centramos en la investigación realizada entre 2018 y 2020 en Argentina (Veladero), Perú (Antapaccay-Expansión Tintaya) y Colombia (Cerrejón), en donde las comunidades locales han desarrollado MHC, basados en la producción y sistematización de sus conocimientos en torno al agua. Analizamos las asimetrías del conocimiento en contextos de desigualdad socioambiental y planteamos la necesidad de una discusión amplia que incluya los conocimientos locales y, por tanto, formas diversas de comprender, conocer y relacionarse con el agua y lo territorial de manera integral. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Mining and urbanization: ways of generating water insecurity in Andean territories(Elsevier, 2021-09-01)Mining has historically facilitated urban growth, and water access in towns and cities has become one of the most prevalent and divisive of the unresolved problems surrounding mining. Urban areas in the vicinity of large-scale mining ventures endure chronic water shortages, and these areas often turn to remote water sources to meet their needs even partially. This article investigates how urbanization processes generated by mining developments have impacted water insecurity in Andean territories. To this end, we conduct a comparative analysis of water provision via two case studies that represent different urbanization models stemming from mining in Andean territories: the concentrated model observed in the Espinar case in Peru and the scattered model witnessed in Jáchal case in Argentina. Drawing on the water security concept, which considers the ways in which water is articulated, we argue that current mining developments generate urbanization processes that, despite the different models, reinforce water insecurity through the dimensions of power, culture, and visions of development. We follow a contextualized comparative case study method. Our analysis of the case studies draws on data collected through ethnographic instruments such as in-depth and semi-structured interviews, as well as public databases. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Institutional innovations in mining contexts: the experience of community water monitoring in Argentina and Peru(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2021-12-01)En el contexto de transformaciones institucionales que devino a partir de la expansin minera en Amrica Latina, este artculo explora una innovacin institucional de carcter social: los monitoreos hdricos comunitarios (MHC). Desde un enfoque cualitativo se aborda la emergencia de experiencias alternativas de control ambiental de la minera en Argentina y Per. El trabajo abona al debate sobre los procesos de cambio institucional en contextos mineros, pero se focaliza en un aspecto poco explorado: las innovaciones institucionales de carcter social y su relacin con la falta de legitimidad de las entidades estatales de control ambiental. El anlisis exhibe que mediante un proceso de repolitizacin de instrumentos prexistentes los actores comunitarios disean e implementan esquemas alternativos de control am- - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Limited state governance and institutional hybridization in alluvial ASM in Peru(Elsevier, 2021-08-01)In the Peruvian Amazon region, mining activities have contaminated land, riverbeds and shores, including in protected areas, causing serious social and environmental impacts. Against this backdrop the Peruvian state decided to implement a formalization plan to regulate small-scale mining and to eradicate mining activities in conservation areas. After years of protests, negotiations and military campaigns in the so-called war against illegal mining fought by the media and central state authorities, the formalization plan for small-scale gold mining in the Amazon has not fulfilled its stated objectives. This article explores the reasons behind the impacts of the formalization process on local governance and institutions. The author argues that the inability of the Peruvian state to effectively apply formalization regulations and laws is explained by limitations in regional governance and also the emergence of local powers which have contested state authority. In addition, the article asserts that state intervention has triggered processes of institutional hybridization which are transforming the rules for governing mining activities. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Rights to water and water's rights: Plural water governances in mining contexts of Colombia and Peru(Elsevier B.V., 2022-01-01)In large-scale mining contexts and the consequent generation of socio-environmental inequalities related to access to water, indigenous peoples and peasant communities demand the recognition of other ways of understanding water. In these contexts of dispute, emerge what we call plural water governances , which position diverse relationships and infrastructures of control of water in mining contexts. Likewise, they demand the recognition of other notions of water and water's rights that transcend normative problems and extend to nature-society relations and include non-humans. We present a comparative analysis between large-scale mining areas in Colombia (La Guajira-Cerrejón) and Peru (Apurímac-Las Bambas) and the effects of the infrastructure that are implemented under a notion of water as a public resource. Processes that generate social inequalities, eliminate, or ignore ethnic and local rights, increase the capture of water in some sectors and generate scarcity that affects access, use, and decision-making in relation to water. This chapter is the result of the research carried out in the two areas in Colombia and Peru during 2018 and 2019, based on an ethnographic and collaborative work. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Reflexiones sobre los retos del desarrollo y la sustentabilidad en el Perú(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE-PUCP), 2022)The objective of this essay is to explain the nature of the challenges we face as a country historically dependent on the extraction of resources —particularly minerals— when approaching sustainable development. To this end, the text presents a brief account of the emergence of environmental sustainability as an urgent global objective, and then proposes the constitution of plural forms of territorial governance to identify, from a territorial perspective, transitions towards possible forms of postextractive sustainability. After introducing the issue, the text reflects on how the dominant construction of the notion of nature as separate from man has permeated our vision of development. The third section provides a brief explanation of the emergence of the issue of sustainable development as a fundamental objective in today’s world, with emphasis on the challenges it implies for countries where, as in Peru, economic development has been associated with extraction. The fourth section proposes the constitution of plural forms of territorial governance as a way of finding, from local specificities, alternatives to current development. Finally, the text closes with some reflections. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Materialities, discourses and governance: scallop culture in Sechura, Peru(Routledge, 2022-01-01)This paper looks at the institutional emergence, particularly space rights, within the culture of the Peruvian bay scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) in Sechura Bay. The institutional system developed within a period of 20 years from an open-access, gold rush scenario to a rather structured, formal activity – however, still relies on a lot of informality. This work uses the matrix provided by the material dependency framework presented in this special issue distinguishing between nature, human and hybrid-made materialities that influence the emergence of institutional structures, on the one axis and path-, inter- and goal dependencies on the other axis. In this work, we argue that existing natural (high environmental risks associated with scallop culture in this setting), hybrid (need to process quickly) and human-made (export-oriented production) materialities have shaped different path dependencies in institutional development in favour of larger firms who gradually took over the control of scallop production from small-scale producers, who in turn became piece wage labourers. Yet, the realities of both actors are necessarily intertwined, with informal loop holes being intentionally left open, shaping different institutional solutions over time. Applying the material dependency framework shows how materialities and goal dependencies are intertwined in this particular case of scallop bottom aquaculture. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The commitment to infrastructure: Public investment and the reproduction of water scarcity in contexts of large mining in Peru and Colombia(Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2022-01-01)Public and private policies typically consider the construction of infrastructure the most appropriate response to the problems of water scarcity and water disputes. However, infrastructure in itself not always is the solution. In this context we have the following questions: What are the logics behind the construction and implementation of water infrastructure? Why water infrastructures are not alone a solution to water stress and scarcity? How does infrastructure construction reduce or deepen inequalities in access to water? This article answers these questions by arguing that water infrastructures respond to technical-political projects of territorial control and mining expansion located in areas of mining influence, rather than aiming to solve water access and supply problems. In doing so, they ended up deepening inequalities in local water access. This article compares infrastructures constructed in the context of large-scale mining projects in Espinar, Peru and La Guajira, Colombia. The information presented was collected following qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews and situated ethnographies). Likewise, the article systematizes secondary quantitative and qualitative data provided by government institutions related to water and mining, and the Environmental Impact Studies and web publications regarding the Tintaya-Antapaccay and Cerrejón mining projects. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The surge for local innovative institutions for transformation: Community-based monitoring in the Andes(Cambridge University Press, 2024-10-02)Non-technical summary. There is abundant research about the impacts that large-scale mining produces on territories to the detriment of their social and environmental sustainability. However, during our research in Chile and Peru, we also identified local transformative initiatives that pursue sustainable development by proposing alternatives to how the socio-ecological impacts of natural resource extraction are produced and distributed throughout society. Specifically, we ask the question: How do local communities in Chile and Peru that are affected by mining activities engage in community-based environmental monitoring (CBEM)? Technical summary. By examining how local communities in Chile and Peru engage in community environmental monitoring, this paper argues that local political organisation and institutional innovations are crucial for the emergence of transformations towards sustainability. Local political organisation and mobilisation can create a window of opportunity for discussion about extractive activities and their impacts, as well as possible proposals for alternatives. Institutional innovations triggered by local political work can lead to the implementation of such initiatives. Our findings are based on qualitative case studies of CBEM in Chile and Peru, in areas with high levels of environmental degradation due to mining. In Chile we analysed a case of community air monitoring in a copper processing area, and in Peru a case of community water monitoring in a mining area. Drawing on debates on social transformation and political ecology theory, this study aims to show CBEM promotes changes towards a more democratic and preventive environmental governance, and encourages the recognition of environmental injustices. Social media summary. This paper analyses how local communities in Chile and Peru engage in community environmental monitoring in areas affected by the presence of extractive industries. We identified local transformative initiatives that pursue sustainable development by proposing alternatives to how the socio-environmental impacts of natural resource extraction are produced and distributed in society. Our findings are based on qualitative case studies of community-based air and water monitoring in extractive areas in Chile and Peru.