3. Producción

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Contextualizing Scenarios to Explore Social-Ecological Futures: A Three Step Participatory Case Study for the Humboldt Current Upwelling System
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020-10-21)
In the face of global change, the exploration of possible futures of marine social-ecological systems (MSES) becomes increasingly important. A variety of models aims at improving our understanding of ecosystem dynamics and complexities by assessing how systems react to internal and external drivers of change. However, these models are often built from a natural-science perspective through a reductionist and top-down knowledge production process that does not engage with the interests, concerns and knowledge of stakeholders. Our work explores different futures of the Peruvian MSES tied to the Humboldt Current Upwelling System (HCUS) through a sequential integrative participatory scenario process. The methodology used opens novel ways to explore, at different contextual levels, the uncertainties of the future and, in doing so, to include diverging world views of different actors. This approach implies a broader social processing of scientific projections about the future and encourages the articulation of different notions of sustainability. We thereby contribute to current scientific discussions on scenario planning in MSES by exploring potential futures through the analysis of narratives, a process that helps to identify plausible future development pathways that can inform different types of ecosystem modelling or policy making.
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Mining and urbanization: ways of generating water insecurity in Andean territories
(Elsevier, 2021-09-01)
Mining has historically facilitated urban growth, and water access in towns and cities has become one of the most prevalent and divisive of the unresolved problems surrounding mining. Urban areas in the vicinity of large-scale mining ventures endure chronic water shortages, and these areas often turn to remote water sources to meet their needs even partially. This article investigates how urbanization processes generated by mining developments have impacted water insecurity in Andean territories. To this end, we conduct a comparative analysis of water provision via two case studies that represent different urbanization models stemming from mining in Andean territories: the concentrated model observed in the Espinar case in Peru and the scattered model witnessed in Jáchal case in Argentina. Drawing on the water security concept, which considers the ways in which water is articulated, we argue that current mining developments generate urbanization processes that, despite the different models, reinforce water insecurity through the dimensions of power, culture, and visions of development. We follow a contextualized comparative case study method. Our analysis of the case studies draws on data collected through ethnographic instruments such as in-depth and semi-structured interviews, as well as public databases.
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Limited state governance and institutional hybridization in alluvial ASM in Peru
(Elsevier, 2021-08-01)
In the Peruvian Amazon region, mining activities have contaminated land, riverbeds and shores, including in protected areas, causing serious social and environmental impacts. Against this backdrop the Peruvian state decided to implement a formalization plan to regulate small-scale mining and to eradicate mining activities in conservation areas. After years of protests, negotiations and military campaigns in the so-called war against illegal mining fought by the media and central state authorities, the formalization plan for small-scale gold mining in the Amazon has not fulfilled its stated objectives. This article explores the reasons behind the impacts of the formalization process on local governance and institutions. The author argues that the inability of the Peruvian state to effectively apply formalization regulations and laws is explained by limitations in regional governance and also the emergence of local powers which have contested state authority. In addition, the article asserts that state intervention has triggered processes of institutional hybridization which are transforming the rules for governing mining activities.
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Rights to water and water's rights: Plural water governances in mining contexts of Colombia and Peru
(Elsevier B.V., 2022-01-01)
In large-scale mining contexts and the consequent generation of socio-environmental inequalities related to access to water, indigenous peoples and peasant communities demand the recognition of other ways of understanding water. In these contexts of dispute, emerge what we call plural water governances , which position diverse relationships and infrastructures of control of water in mining contexts. Likewise, they demand the recognition of other notions of water and water's rights that transcend normative problems and extend to nature-society relations and include non-humans. We present a comparative analysis between large-scale mining areas in Colombia (La Guajira-Cerrejón) and Peru (Apurímac-Las Bambas) and the effects of the infrastructure that are implemented under a notion of water as a public resource. Processes that generate social inequalities, eliminate, or ignore ethnic and local rights, increase the capture of water in some sectors and generate scarcity that affects access, use, and decision-making in relation to water. This chapter is the result of the research carried out in the two areas in Colombia and Peru during 2018 and 2019, based on an ethnographic and collaborative work.
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Materialities, discourses and governance: scallop culture in Sechura, Peru
(Routledge, 2022-01-01)
This paper looks at the institutional emergence, particularly space rights, within the culture of the Peruvian bay scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) in Sechura Bay. The institutional system developed within a period of 20 years from an open-access, gold rush scenario to a rather structured, formal activity – however, still relies on a lot of informality. This work uses the matrix provided by the material dependency framework presented in this special issue distinguishing between nature, human and hybrid-made materialities that influence the emergence of institutional structures, on the one axis and path-, inter- and goal dependencies on the other axis. In this work, we argue that existing natural (high environmental risks associated with scallop culture in this setting), hybrid (need to process quickly) and human-made (export-oriented production) materialities have shaped different path dependencies in institutional development in favour of larger firms who gradually took over the control of scallop production from small-scale producers, who in turn became piece wage labourers. Yet, the realities of both actors are necessarily intertwined, with informal loop holes being intentionally left open, shaping different institutional solutions over time. Applying the material dependency framework shows how materialities and goal dependencies are intertwined in this particular case of scallop bottom aquaculture.
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The commitment to infrastructure: Public investment and the reproduction of water scarcity in contexts of large mining in Peru and Colombia
(Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2022-01-01)
Public and private policies typically consider the construction of infrastructure the most appropriate response to the problems of water scarcity and water disputes. However, infrastructure in itself not always is the solution. In this context we have the following questions: What are the logics behind the construction and implementation of water infrastructure? Why water infrastructures are not alone a solution to water stress and scarcity? How does infrastructure construction reduce or deepen inequalities in access to water? This article answers these questions by arguing that water infrastructures respond to technical-political projects of territorial control and mining expansion located in areas of mining influence, rather than aiming to solve water access and supply problems. In doing so, they ended up deepening inequalities in local water access. This article compares infrastructures constructed in the context of large-scale mining projects in Espinar, Peru and La Guajira, Colombia. The information presented was collected following qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews and situated ethnographies). Likewise, the article systematizes secondary quantitative and qualitative data provided by government institutions related to water and mining, and the Environmental Impact Studies and web publications regarding the Tintaya-Antapaccay and Cerrejón mining projects.
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The surge for local innovative institutions for transformation: Community-based monitoring in the Andes
(Cambridge University Press, 2024-10-02)
Non-technical summary. There is abundant research about the impacts that large-scale mining produces on territories to the detriment of their social and environmental sustainability. However, during our research in Chile and Peru, we also identified local transformative initiatives that pursue sustainable development by proposing alternatives to how the socio-ecological impacts of natural resource extraction are produced and distributed throughout society. Specifically, we ask the question: How do local communities in Chile and Peru that are affected by mining activities engage in community-based environmental monitoring (CBEM)? Technical summary. By examining how local communities in Chile and Peru engage in community environmental monitoring, this paper argues that local political organisation and institutional innovations are crucial for the emergence of transformations towards sustainability. Local political organisation and mobilisation can create a window of opportunity for discussion about extractive activities and their impacts, as well as possible proposals for alternatives. Institutional innovations triggered by local political work can lead to the implementation of such initiatives. Our findings are based on qualitative case studies of CBEM in Chile and Peru, in areas with high levels of environmental degradation due to mining. In Chile we analysed a case of community air monitoring in a copper processing area, and in Peru a case of community water monitoring in a mining area. Drawing on debates on social transformation and political ecology theory, this study aims to show CBEM promotes changes towards a more democratic and preventive environmental governance, and encourages the recognition of environmental injustices. Social media summary. This paper analyses how local communities in Chile and Peru engage in community environmental monitoring in areas affected by the presence of extractive industries. We identified local transformative initiatives that pursue sustainable development by proposing alternatives to how the socio-environmental impacts of natural resource extraction are produced and distributed in society. Our findings are based on qualitative case studies of community-based air and water monitoring in extractive areas in Chile and Peru.
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Intertwined Realities—Hybrid Institutions in the Peruvian Fisheries and Aquaculture Sectors
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-06-01)
Following pro-market policies, the Peruvian state has aimed to regulate profitable fisheries and aquaculture activities in order to increase their production. However, informal and illegal activities not only persist but are also interlinked with formal practices and frameworks, creating intertwined realities in fostering processes of institutional hybridization. This article analyses the (re)production of informal and illegal activities by explaining the formation of hybrid institutional entanglements in the Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) fishery in Pisco and the Peruvian bay scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) aquaculture industry in Sechura. It argues that state policies to promote industrial fisheries and entrepreneurial aquaculture for the global market coupled with limited interest in supporting small-scale fisheries and aquaculture activities have resulted in processes of institutional hybridization. Within these processes, social actors resist and accommodate formal regulatory frameworks to suit their respective needs, while intertwining formal and informal practices and institutional arrangements, based on their political leverage or ability to produce hybrid institutional entanglements in a context where regulation is limited and state authority is negotiated. Under these forms of hybrid governance, the article shows that interactions between state and non-state actors do not lead to collaborations for solving problems but to the persistence of sustainability problems.
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An Analysis of the Early Impacts of COVID-19 on Peruvian Fisheries and Mariculture
(Oxford University Press, 2023-11-01)
The coastal waters off Peru are among the world's most productive, thanks to the Humboldt Current and its strong coastal upwelling. Fisheries and an ever-expanding mariculture sector provide millions of Peruvians livelihoods, income, and nutrition. Coastal communities engaging with these sectors face a volatile environment they have historically adapted to. But when the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded in 2020, affecting all aspects of life, challenges for the fisheries and mariculture sectors emerged to a yet unprecedented extent. This work applies a mixed-method approach for documenting and analysing the effects of the pandemic on the Peruvian seafood sector and seafood worker's economy in particular. Mobility restrictions and market closures disrupted seafood supply chains, altering access to nutrition and income for many people involved. Interviewees aimed to diversify livelihood strategies and use personal networks to withstand the crisis, while some established adaptation strategies, such as migration towards other fishing grounds, were largely impeded. Our results highlight the vulnerability of seafood value chains - mainly artisanal and small-scale fisheries - in the face of such a global crisis. The implications of the pandemic for the long-term sustainability of Peruvian coastal-marine activities are discussed and set into the context of previously experienced crises in the region.
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The elusive sustainable growth: The formation of institutional socio-ecological traps in Peruvian anchoveta fisheries
(Elsevier BV, 2025-06-01)
In Peru, government agencies have set out to regulate the profitable anchoveta fishery to increase its efficiency and sustainability. Current government regulations seek to eradicate informal and illegal fishing activities and include a differentiated set of regulations for industrial and small-scale fisheries to prevent overfishing. However, overfishing continues, threatening the reproduction of the anchoveta biomass. Moreover, informal and illegal activities not only persist but are intertwined with formal practices and legal frameworks, fostering processes of institutional hybridisation. Why has the implementation of sound state regulations for sustainable fishing ended up contributing to anchoveta depredation? From a political ecology perspective, we argue that we are witnessing the formation of institutional socio-ecological traps driven by power dynamics in the context of increasing institutional hybridisation. To develop our argument, we show how legal inequalities in access to anchoveta resources foster the emergence of informal fishing practices and hybrid institutions. We then analyse how, in the context of increasing demand and institutional hybridisation, powerful extractive actors are able to circumvent restrictive policies such as quotas and vessel permits designed to prevent overfishing, leading to the exacerbation of inequalities. Methodologically, this article draws on a qualitative case study of industrial and small-scale anchoveta fishing practices and regulations in Peru.
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