3. Producción

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Reformas en sociedades desiguales. La experiencia peruana
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2001)
First world countries are not only richer but also more egalitarian compared to the countries of the third world. Why this situation of the world economy is maintained, even in this period of increased globalization? What kind of reforms are needed so that the two groups of countries may converge? This book seeks answers to both questions. The author presents a new theory, a general theory of capitalism in its various forms: the theory of exclusion. This theory explains why the liberal reforms that have been implemented nearly worldwide in recent decades have not had the expected effects. The book examines the Peruvian experience to show, specifically, that the mechanisms that produce and reproduce inequality -the exclusion-mechanisms- cannot be changed through neo-liberal reforms. Nor through reforms that increase the relative weight of the state. To reduce inequality, which is the ultimate cause of social instability, and thus lay the foundation for sustained economic growth, other reforms are needed.
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El problema del empleo en una sociedad Sigma
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial, 2009)
En este artículo se intenta resolver la paradoja utilizando una teoría en la que se supone que la oferta laboral está compuesta por una masa heterogénea de trabajadores. Se utiliza un modelo de la teoría Sigma para establecer las interrelaciones entre educación, capital humano, salarios e ingresos. En esta relación, el mercado de trabajo jugará un papel central. Sigma es una sociedad abstracta que es capitalista, superpoblada y multiétnica. Las predicciones de la teoría Sigma han mostrado una consistencia aceptable con los datos básicos de la realidad latinoamericana (Figueroa 2003). Aquí se busca contrastar las predicciones de este modelo particular con los datos de la realidad peruana, como una forma de avanzar en la explicación de la paradoja mencionada.
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El problema del empleo en una sociedad sigma: anexo metodológico y base de datos
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2007)
This article presents the critical analysis of the data base utilized in the study “The Employment Problem in a sigma society” (Documento de Trabajo 249, Economics Department, Catholic University, September 2006 and revised version, March 2007, http://www.pucp.edu.pe/departamento/economia/contenido/pdf/DDD249.pdf). It also includes the basic tabulations that were utilized in the statistical tests in that study. This annex seeks to provide interested researcher with an appropriate data base for further studies.
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El problema del empleo en una sociedad Sigma: anexo metodológico y base de datos
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2006)
This article presents the critical analysis of the data base utilized in the study “The Employment Problem in a sigma society” (Documento de Trabajo 249, Economics Department, Catholic University, September 2006 and revised version, March 2007, http://www.pucp.edu.pe/departamento/economia/contenido/pdf/DDD249.pdf). It also includes the basic tabulations that were utilized in the statistical tests in that study. This annex seeks to provide interested researcher with an appropriate data base for further studies.
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De la distribución a la crisis de la distribución : Perú, 1975-1990
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1990)
The distribution issue is examined in the particular case of Peru, given the serious crisis underway there. Thes relationship between crisis and distribution has not been sufficiently analyzed for Peru or for Latin America. An attempt is made to provide such analysis although still on a preliminary basis. Although economic developments during the inflation period require setting the time limits for this review, to provide a longer term perspective for the current crisis, some variables are examined since 1950. nonetheless, the paper focuses on the crisis starting in the mid-70s and stretches to June 1990.
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El efecto distributivo de la política fiscal : Perú 1970-1990
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1991)
An examination of access to public goods, as a crucial component in determining standards of living through a review of fiscal policies as they translate into the amount and structure of fiscal revenues and expenditure. The core question posed here is what’s been the role of fiscal policy in the massive pauperization of the people. Did it contribute to it or did it prevent a major social catastrophe? By covering the period from 1970 to 1990, this analysis allows to identify both changes and continuities throughout several Peruvian administrations. It also reviews the first six months of the Fujimori administration and ends with an analysis of the cholera epidemic and how it relates to fiscal policy.
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Términos de intercambio en la economia campesina de la sierra del Peru, 1973-1982
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1984)
Evalúa el efecto de los cambios en los precios relativos sobre el ingreso real de las familias campesinas en sus relaciones de intercambio con el mercado.
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La economía política de la pobreza Perú y América Latina
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1991)
Policy proposals to fight poverty are presented against a wider backdrop. Although one of the most dramatic inflation bouts in Latin America, the Peruvian case is not unique. This paper presents the Peruvian case and its analysis of economic policy against the wider regional background.
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El impacto de las reformas actuales sobre la distribución de ingresos en el Perú (1968-1972)
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1973)
Utiliza el Caso Peruano para ilustrar algunos problemas prácticos que plantean las políticas redistributivas. Primero, ¿cuál puede ser la efectividad de una redistribución del ingreso para aumentar los ingresos de los cuartiles pobres de la población? ¿o tenemos que abandonar todo: idea de redistribución, porque hacerlo hacerlo sería poco efectivo; sería sólo “redistribuir pobreza”? y Segundo, ¿cuál es la posibilidad técnica de llegar a los pobres?. En este sentido el trabajo tiene la pretensión de ir más allá del caso concreto que se examina, el Caso Peruano, para tratar de extraer ciertas conclusiones generales a luz de esta experiencia particular.
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Desarrollo agrícola en América Latina : teoría y políticas
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1990)
Understanding Latin America’s structural economic issues, particularly in the agricultural industry, based on structuralist thinking of the 1950s which identified certain obstacles or impediments to Latin America’s agricultural development, followed by a review of the changes having taken place in the region since the 1960s. In the light of such changing agricultural landscape throughout the region, the structural issues impeding agricultural development are reinterpreted. Finally, the paper closes with a discussion of the most important consequences of the above for economic policy making together with some thoughts on the role of markets and states in accomplishing the region’s agricultural development.

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