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Peru 2020: the interruption of political continuity?
(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2021-01-01)
After Peru’s democratic transition in 2000, analysts have described the country as a case of significant political continuity. Among other aspects, the economic model adopted in the 90’s was left untouched, public policy was controlled by the Executive, a relatively weak Congress meant the predominance of the Executive, and there was no broad-scale social protests at the national level. During the 2016-2020 period, a significant change occurred in the Executive-Legislative power dynamics. This transformation could affect other di-mensions of the 20-year long political continuity. Generally speaking, the Executive and its technocrats have lost strength in relation to Congress’ greater protagonism. The latter has managed to obtain greater control over budget, and has started to use regularly some parliamentary prerogatives such as the vote of no confidence and presidential impeachment. These tendencies continued to consolidate with the new Congress elected in 2020 after the dissolution of the preceding one by President Vizcarra. The latter was in turn impeached by the new Congress. The year 2020 was marked by a greater propensity by Congress to promote populist measures and criticize the existing economic model, in the midst of a pandemic that strongly hit Peru and affected the country harshly.
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The limits of neoliberal policy feedback: Private pension fund reforms in Peru (2014–2021)
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2022-08-01)
A growing literature in comparative Latin American Politics highlights how policy feedback effects help explain the resilience of neoliberal reforms in the region. These works emphasize private actors/interest groups to explain neoliberal policy continuity. Nonetheless, given their focus on continuity, these works do little to explore other instances in which neoliberal feedback cannot preclude change. This paper presents an instance in which powerful private actors favored by neoliberal reforms were incapable of resisting change. An Act of the Peruvian Congress adopted in 2016 opened the door for individual pensioners to withdraw up to 95.5 percent of all their accumulated savings at the point of retirement. Ensuing reforms approved by Congress during the COVID-19 emergency (2020–2021) further weakened private administrators of these pension funds (AFPs). The case shows how the conflicting interests between private service providers and future pensioners make the service providers vulnerable; a divide also found in other neoliberal reforms.
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Country without oxygen: Institutional weakness in COVID-19
(Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, 2024-04-01)
One of the leading causes of the impact magnitude of COVID-19 in Peru was the lack of medical oxygen. What explains this oxygen shortage, which is high even by regional standards? This article presents a response from the perspective of the legacies of the Peruvian health system. First, a structural cause. The historical deficiencies of the health system and specific characteristics linked to outsourcing services led to a low capacity to provide this resource. Second, an institutional legacy. A 2010 regulation established a purity requirement of 99% for medical oxygen. This percentage, which is well above international standards, reduced the offer, concentrating it on two providers. The case of the Ayacucho region, which has a better supply of oxygen thanks to two high-volume tanks, illustrates some of these dynamics and the importance of this resource in saving lives.
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From aspirational laws to the implementation of legislation against gender-based violence: bottom-up pressure in Peru and Argentina
(2025-03-15)
Gender-based violence is a rampant problem in Latin American countries. Historically, state policy to prevent and sanction it has developed slowly, usually having limited impact because of a lack of resources and political will. While the process of policy adoption involved feminist organizations and international norms diffusion, little is known about when and why policy to address gender-based violence can become a political priority. Based on a comparative case study of Peru and Argentina, we show that sustained mass mobilization was the key variable marking a turning point in both countries in state capacity building in that domain. The latter was importantly enhanced as a consequence of the Ni Una Menos protests. Through process-tracing analysis, we show that there was a substantial increase in state resources and personnel, as well as institutional innovation. This transformation occurred in response to the unprecedented mass mobilization of various sectors of society.
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