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    NMR-based leaf metabolic profiling of V. planifolia and three endemic Vanilla species from the Peruvian Amazon
    (Elsevier, 2021-10-01)
    The fruit of Vanilla planifolia is broadly preferred by the agroindustry and gourmet markets due to its refined flavor and aroma. Peruvian Vanilla has been proposed as a possible source for genetic improvement of existing Vanilla cultivars, but, little has been done to facilitate comprehensive studies of these and other Vanilla. Here, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic platform was developed to profile for the first time the leaves – organ known to accumulate vanillin putative precursors – of V. planifolia and those of Peruvian V. pompona, V. palmarum, and V. ribeiroi, with the aim to determine metabolic differences among them. Analysis of the NMR spectra allowed the identification of thirty-six metabolites, twenty-five of which were quantified. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test revealed that these metabolites changed significantly among species, whilst multivariate-analyses allowed the identification of malic and homocitric acids, together with two vanillin precursors, as relevant metabolic markers for species differentiation.
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    Metabolite correlation-based network analysis combined with machine learning techniques highlights LOX biosynthesis in Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla pompona source leaves
    (Nature Portfolio, 2026-12-01)
    The vanilla genus of the orchid family is the primary source of the famous vanilla spice. Here, the central metabolome of source leaves of two important commercial vanilla species (V. planifolia, V. pompona) - collected from two distinct geographical locations - was profiled using a GC-TOF-MS platform. In total, 544 metabolites were identified which were subjected to a combination of multivariate and univariate analysis, location-adjusted models, correlation-based network analysis (CNA), and CNA combined with machine-learning assisted pathway mapping. Multivariate analysis of the metabolic profiles revealed a clear separation between the two species, confirmed by location-adjusted models. Univariate statistical analysis highlighted linoleic acid in the V. planifolia vs. V. pompona comparison. CNA showed higher connectivity in the V. pompona network over the V. planifolia network (6425 vs. 3508 edges), suggestive for biochemical adaptations for each species. CNA combined with machine learning techniques highlighted the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. This finding, combined with the identification of linoleic acid during univariate statistical analysis, indicated modified fatty acid metabolism in V. pompona with potential consequences for attracting pollinators.
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