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Item type:Publication, Towards a typology of social protection for migrants and refugees in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021-12-01)The COVID-19 health crisis has put to the test Latin America’s already precarious social protection systems. This paper comparatively examines what type of social protection has been provided, by whom, and to what extent migrant and refugee populations have been included in these programmes in seven countries of the region during the COVID-19 pandemic, between March and December 2020. We develop a typology of models of social protection highlighting the assemblages of actors, different modes of protection and the emerging migrants’ subjectification in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay in relation to Non-Contributory Social Transfer (NCST) programmes and other actions undertaken by state and non-state actors. The analysis is based on 85 semi-structured interviews with representatives of national and local governments, International Organisations, Civil Society Organisations, and migrant-led organisations across 16 cities, and a systematic review of regulatory frameworks in the country-case studies. The proposed typology shows broad heterogeneity and complexity regarding different degrees of inclusion of migrant and refugee populations, particularly in pre-existing and new NCST programmes. These actions are furthering notions of migrant protection that are contingent and crisis-driven, imposing temporal limitations that often selectively exclude migrants based on legal status. It also brings to the fore the path-dependent nature of policies and practices of exclusion/inclusion in the region, which impact on migrants’ effective access to social and economic rights, while shaping the broader dynamics of migration governance in the region. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Institutional and social xenophobia towards Venezuelan migrants in the context of a racialized country: The case of Peru(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022-01-01)Although there is a growing academic interest in xenophobia in South America (Chan & Strabucchi, Asian Ethnicity 22(2):374–394, 2020; Tijoux-Merino, Convergencia: Revista de Ciencias Sociales 20(61):83–104, 2013; Guizardi & Mardones, Estudios Fronterizos 21:1–24, 2020), research is incipient on Peru due, in part, to the recent changes in migration trends. Moreover, in the case of Peru, scholars have not explored how xenophobia and racism intersect and connect. Addressing this gap, this chapter examines xenophobia in Peru against the Venezuelan community from an institutional and social perspective, addressing how both perspectives are relational and self-sustaining in a context of racialization. We use a mixed methodology that combines literature and political-normative analysis with quantitative data analysis. We examine how the institutional xenophobia against Venezuelan migration in the country, expressed through legislation as well as informal and formal practices of exclusion, have portrayed migrants as invaders. We also argue that the structural and complex racialization that operates in the country is also nourished by a special hatred against the foreigner who threatens the fragile sense of nationhood in Peru. Thus, we observe the emergence of a feeling of Venezuelanphobia as a hatred towards everything that has to do with ‘the Venezuelan.’