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    Measuring Multidimensional Women's Empowerment With Data From Partnered Women Across 45 Low- And Middle-Income Countries
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025-02-01)
    We introduce a novel, policy-relevant measure of multidimensional empowerment based on the Alkire-Foster method and using data from partnered women aged 15–49 in 45 low- and middle-income countries: the Multidimensional Women’s Empowerment Index (MWEI). Our measure identifies a woman as empowered if she achieves sufficiency in at least six of its eight indicators, corresponding to four basic life domains in which women can exercise power: health, material environment, social relationships, and physical integrity. We find that in only 21 countries of our sample, the percentage of multidimensionally empowered women exceeds 50%, with countries like Mali reaching just 7.5%. Urban regions show higher MWEI values than rural regions in 37 countries. Insufficiency in physical integrity contributes up to 39% to the lack of empowerment in Papua New Guinea but only 15% in Burkina Faso, illustrating how the composition of disempowerment significantly varies across countries.
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    Multidimensional Poverty and Disempowerment Among Women: Exploring Associations and Overlaps Across 32 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    (Springer, 2026-03-24)
    The relationship between monetary poverty and female (dis)empowerment has been extensively explored. In contrast, empirical research on the association between multidimensional poverty and female (dis)empowerment across low- and middle‐income countries (LMICs) remains limited. This study contributes to filling this gap by examining both the association and the overlap between non‐income multidimensional poverty and disempowerment, using data from partnered women aged 15–49 drawn from Demographic and Health Surveys in 32 LMICs across Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania. We measure poverty and disempowerment using two Alkire–Foster‐based indices: the global Multidimensional Poverty Index and the Multidimensional Women’s Disempowerment Index. We find a positive, albeit moderate, cross‐country association between multidimensional poverty and disempowerment. In most countries, poor women face higher disempowerment rates than non‐poor women. In half of the countries, over 29% of women are simultaneously poor and disempowered, with large variation—from 65% in Mali to under 1% in the Philippines and Armenia. In others, like Ethiopia or Tajikistan, many women are poor yet empowered or non‐poor yet disempowered, respectively. Individual-level regressions confirm a moderate positive association. These findings offer new cross-country evidence on the links between SDGs 1 (No Poverty) and 5 (Gender Equality).
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