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Aunque la familia de las orquídeas es uno de los grupos de plantas mejor representados en los listados de conservación a nivel mundial, aun este número de representantes es pequeño considerando su alta diversidad y vulnerabilidad. Esto es particularmente notorio en los listados de la flora amenazada del Perú. En el presente comentario se analiza la representatividad de las orquídeas, con foco en las especies del género Telipogon incluidas en los listados de categorización de conservación en el Perú, enfatizando la importancia de realizar correctos listados y categorizaciones coherentes con las metas Aichi del Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020.

Despite increased focus on elucidating the various reproductive strategies employed by orchids, we still have only a rather limited understanding of deceptive pollination systems that are not bee- or wasp-mediated. In Europe, the orchid Neotinea ustulata has been known to consist of two phenologically divergent varieties, neither of which provide rewards to its pollinators. However, detailed studies of their reproductive biology have been lacking. Our study aimed to characterize and understand the floral traits (i.e., morphology, color, and scent chemistry) and reproductive biology of N. ustulata. We found that the two varieties differ in all their floral traits; furthermore, while Neotinea ustulata var. ustulata appears to be pollinated by both bees (e.g., Anthophora, Bombus) and flies (e.g., Dilophus, Tachina), var. aestivalis is pollinated almost entirely by flies (i.e., Nowickia, Tachina). Tachinids were also found to be much more effective than bees in removing pollinaria, and we show experimentally that they use the characteristic dark inflorescence top as a cue for approaching inflorescences. Our results thus suggest that while both N. ustulata varieties rely on tachinids for pollination, they differ in their degree of specialization. Further studies are, however, needed to fully understand the reproductive strategy of N. ustulata varieties.

Telipogon minutus, from the Carrasco National Park in the Bolivian Yungas, is proposed as a ne species. Plants of T. minutus, which reach up to 4 cm in height, are the smallest known Bolivian Telipogon. The new species is characterized by its oblong to ovate labellum, which is weakly sub-auriculate and retuse at the base, with a semi-circular stigma, a column with two lateral lobes and a mammillary protuberance at the apex, and two tufts of setae with trifurcate apices. A description, figures, and a distributional map of the new taxon are provided, along with a discussion of the differences between the new species and morphologically similar Telipogon species.

Telipogon teuscheri Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 18: 214, tab. 43. 1958. Figs 1, 6 = Telipogon isabelae Dodson & Hirtz, Native Ecuadorian Orchids 5: 1183. 2004. Type: Ecuador, Azuay: A. Hirtz 3338 (holotype: MO! – ex RPSC). syn. nov. Type material. Ecuador • Azuay, Santa Rosa de las Nubes [Octavio Cordero Palacios], 13 Aug 1956: H. Teuscher 12 (holotype: AMES!). Description. Plant up to 24 cm long (including the inflorescence), epiphytic, caespitose, each new shoot produced appressed to and above the previous one. Roots 1.0– 1.3 mm in diameter, cylindrical, basal. Stem on mature plants forming pseudobulb-like structures, up to 10 × 2.5 mm, arising from a rhizome and with a single leaf at the apex. Leaves up to 4 per stem, distichous, subcoriaceous, slightly carinate abaxially, articulated to decurrent, conduplicate leaf sheaths completely covering the stem; the basal leaves smaller than the upper leaves; blade 20–110 × 5.9–19 mm, conduplicate, narrowly elliptic-obovate, acute, slightly apiculate. Inflorescence raceme up to 210 mm long, lateral or apical; peduncle green, simple, narrow at the base and gradually broadening towards the rachis, becoming tetragonal; rachis up to 40 mm long, ancipitous, producing apically 2–7 spirally arranged flowers, opening in succession, 1 (– 2) simultaneously; floral bracts 6.5–11.0 mm long, green, membranaceous, conduplicate, triangular, boat-shaped, ovate when extended, acute, carinate abaxially, sometimes with a small, thin bracteole at the opposite side. Ovary 22.6–38.0 mm long, triquetrous, winged; pedicel 1–3 mm long, terete. Flowers non-resupinate; sepals yellow with dark red-purple irregular lines, ovate, acute, concave, carinate abaxially, obscurely 3 - veined; dorsal sepal 12.5–18.0 × 4.6–7.9 mm; lateral sepals 13.2–15.8 × 4.7–6.1 mm, oblique. Petals 14.5–20.1 × 12.8–19.8 mm, yellow with dark yellow longitudinal veins suffused with dark red-brown reticulations, broadly elliptic-rhomboid, acute at the apex, margins slightly undulate, (8 –) 9–11 - veined; glabrous, with minutely ciliate base. Lip 15.2–19.3 × 20.5–27.1 mm, with the same color pattern of the petals, transversally obovate, obtuse and shortly apiculate at the apex, the margins slightly undulate; 15 (– 19) - veined, glabrous; lip callus 5.4–6.7 × 6.2–10.1 mm, dark purple at the center with yellow-reddish margins, protruding ventrally from the base of the lip, free from the blade for ca. 3 mm, lunate-deltoid, convex, profusely villose centrally, turning flat and velvety towards the irregular margins that form a skirt, the apex varying from broadly obtuse, retuse to emarginate. Column ca. 4.5 mm long up to ca. 4.0 mm in diameter (without including setae), dark purple, sessile, slightly velvety, dorsally trilobed, lateral lobes slightly swollen, central lobe dactyliform, curved toward the clinandrium and covering half of the anther cap; each lobe bearing a dense tuft of dark purple, simple, acicular setae with pale whitish tips; central tuft shorter 1.8–2.1 mm long, lateral tufts longer 2.4–3.3 mm long; clinandrium concave with rounded edges. Stigma ca. 2.2 mm in diameter, dark purple, apical, circular, covered by a translucent, sticky secretion, with thin, dark purple, slightly sinuate margins, protruding ca. 1 mm towards the lip. Anther cap ca. 1.8 × 2.4 mm, hidden under the clinandrium cavity, dorsal, cordiform, yellow-orange. Pollinarium not observed. Fruit a carinate capsule. Additional examined material. Ecuador: Azuay • El Bosque de Ingapucará, cerca de Huasipamba (Sta. Isabel), 2720–3080 m, 9 Aug 1990, R. Macklin 50 (QCA!); • Plants grown in the greenhouses of Father Angel Andreetta in Paute, 22 km east of Cuenca on the Río Paute, Dec 1988, A. Hirtz 3339 (MO – ex RPSC photo!); • southeast of Portete, 3000 m, 6 May 2022, G. A. Iturralde GI- 2305-1117 (QCNE!); • Ibid. loc., 1 Jun 2022, G. A. Iturralde GI- 2208-5095 (QCNE!) • Ibid. loc., 13 Jun 2023, G. A. Iturralde, GI- 2305-1083 (QCNE!); • Mazán, vía a El Cajas, 3100 m, 13 Sep 2023, F. Sánchez & G. A. Iturralde GI- 2309-1907 (QCNE!). iNaturalist records. Ecuador: Azuay, near Cuenca, Aug 2023, fkarste https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/176645191 (Suppl. material 2: fig S 1); near San Felipe de Molleturo, 30 Jul 2025, fkarste https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/302520547 (Suppl. material 2: fig S 2) and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/302520681 (Suppl. material 2: fig S 3). Taxonomic notes. Telipogon teuscheri is characterized by the yellowish flowers with a prominent reddish reticulate pattern extending to the margins of the corolla, the petals and lip not exceeding 20.1 mm in length, the large lunate-deltoid callus reaching up to 1 / 3 of the lip, villose centrally, velvety and flat towards the margins, forming a skirt whose apex ranges from broadly obtuse, retuse, to emarginate. In summary, the reticulate pattern and the lunate-deltoid and villose-velvety callus of the lip with a lighter colored margin allow T. teuscheri to be easily differentiated from any other currently known Telipogon species (Figs 1, 5 C, 6). As stated above, Telipogon teuscheri has flowers similar in size and reticulation to those of T. tesselatus (Fig. 5 B) but differs in the broadly elliptic-rhomboid petals (vs. suborbicular to ovate-suborbicular), the transversely obovate lip (vs. transversely elliptic), the lunate-deltoid and villose-velvety callus of the lip (vs. the subquadrate, bifid callus with a central longitudinal sulcus), and the dark brown-purple column with three clearly distinct tufts of dark purple setae (vs. yellow column uniformly and profusely covered with red-yellow setae). Telipogon teuscheri is also similar to T. thomasii and T. tamboensis. A comparison of floral traits is summarized in Table 1 and illustrated in Fig. 5. Distribution, habitat, and ecology. Specimens of T. teuscheri have been recorded in three localities restricted to the province of Azuay, in the Interandean Valleys of southern Ecuador (Fig. 2). One locality is north of Santa Isabel, the second is southeast of Portete, and the third is west of Cuenca. Additionally, there is an unexpected iNaturalist record of T. teuscheri near Molleturo, at approximately 2400 m a. s. l., 40 km northwest of Cuenca, which would extend its longitudinal range toward the western foothills of Azuay as well as its altitudinal range. Further expeditions to this area are needed to collect material and confirm this finding. The elevation of 2000 m indicated in the holotype of T. isabelae (Fig. 1) is somewhat unusual and likely erroneous, as habitats at that elevation near Santa Isabel correspond to warm semi-deciduous forest and shrublands (Ministerio del Ambiente 2013). Acaulescent Telipogon species with angled inflorescences and medium-sized to large flowers usually inhabit higher elevations, from ca. 2400 m to 3300 m a. s. l. Therefore, based on species records apart from the holotype, we suggest that the most probable elevational range of the species is 2700–3100 m a. s. l. The corresponding ecosystems are the montane and high montane evergreen forests (codes BsMn 02, BsMn 03 and BsAn 03). These forests are characterized by mean annual temperatures ranging from 10.1 to 16.2 ° C and canopies between 15 and 25 m tall. At increasing elevations, tree trunks become thick and twisted, with many individuals branching at ground level or developing adventitious roots. The understory is notably dense and enriched with herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and bryophytes that extensively cover the forest floor (Ministerio del Ambiente 2013). The largest population of T. teuscheri observed occupied approximately 400 m 2, within a patch of very dense forest, located in a humid ravine. Within the understory, at least 50 individuals were counted. Most of the plants were young plants in their first or second flowering, and only some were large, mature plants. Many plants were anchored on thin branches located less than two meters above ground and a few on thicker branches located up to four meters above ground. In the same forest patch, we also observed individuals of T. thomasii, and other orchids such as Elleanthus aurantiacus (Lindl.) Rchb. f., Fernandezia debedoutii (P. Ortiz) M. W. Chase, F. maculata Garay & Dunst., F. hispidula (Rchb. f.) M. W. Chase, and Malaxis histionantha (Otto) Garay & Dunst. Phenology and flower variation. Herbarium specimens of T. teuscheri with flowers were collected in August and December. We collected plants flowering from May to September, while in December, plants from the Portete locality were without flowers. The showy flowers are probably pollinated by male tachinid flies as previously described for other showy Telipogon species (Martel et al. 2016, 2019), which use a pollination mechanism based on sexual deceit. Telipogon teuscheri presents a remarkable flower variation in size, the color intensity of the reticulations on the petals, and the lip callus shape. Petals and lip length ranges from 14.5–20.1 mm and 15.2–19.3 mm, respectively. The petals can be almost completely yellow with a barely perceptible reticulation, but they can also be very stained with thick dark-brown reticulations and a dark haze towards the edge of the corolla (Figs 1, 5). These variations have also been observed in T. pillaropatatensis Iturralde, Monteros & Baquero, where it is presumed that size is associated with plant age, and direct sunlight might be critical in inducing the production of the pigments responsible for the dark brown colorations of the corolla (Iturralde et al. 2023). On the other hand, calli vary from having a completely rounded border to an almost trapezoidal, sinuate-undulate border. Finally, the coloration of the callus margin can vary from purple to yellow, but it is always lighter than the center. Preliminary conservation status. The extent of occurrence (EOO) calculated for Telipogon teuscheri is 427.35 km 2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km 2. The montane and high-montane eve

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