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Author: search.filters.author.Briggite EspinozaHas files: No

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    Vulnerabilities and exposure of recent informal urban areas in Lima, Peru
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2024-10-01)
    Urban areas are experiencing rapid growth, accompanied by significant disorder in Lima Metropolitan area and many other cities in South America. Due to decades of uncontrolled construction practices, it is imperative to identify and better understand the types of informalities prevalent in these recent urban areas. Addressing this lack of information is crucial for implementing appropriate countermeasures and developing new policies that benefit the communities residing in such areas. It is worth noting that understanding disaster risk aligns with the first priority of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this study, we propose the use of radar satellite imagery recorded by the Sentinel-1 constellation since 2017 to identify clusters of urban growth in Lima Metropolitan area. Then, the informal urban clusters can be depicted by visual inspection of the last recorded high-resolution optical image. With good spatial and temporal resolution, we identified 25 clusters informal areas. Among our findings, we observed that several of these clusters are situated in landfills comprised of construction and other waste, increasing their vulnerability to debris flow, landslides, and earthquakes. Additionally, we noted that some new urban areas mainly consist of temporarily empty houses, highlighting the feasibility of implementing countermeasures, such as relocations, in the early stages of informal occupation. These results underscore the significant contribution of satellite radar imagery in identifying recent informal urban areas.
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    Evaluating the Seismic Damage Dynamics of Buildings' Vertical Growth in Lima, Peru
    (SAGE Publishing, 2026-02-01)
    In Lima, as in many cities, most residential buildings grow vertically over their lifespan due to incremental construction. Multiple stories are added to buildings, often without structural retrofits or even without design. As a result, the seismic vulnerability of these buildings increases, requiring the government to create resilience policies that can keep up and bend the seismic risk growth. Unfortunately, little is known about the rate of vertical expansions and risk growth to develop regional risk policies for risk reduction. To address this gap, we surveyed 1311 buildings across four districts of Lima, comparing Google Street View imagery from 2013 to 2014 with field surveys from 2023. Using these data, we calibrated transition probability matrices within a Markov chain model to represent vertical growth dynamics. Results show that vertical expansion is faster in areas adjacent to primary roads compared to secondary ones. Applying the model to three recently established settlements, we projected future vertical growth and assessed its seismic implications. Under a simulated Mw 8.8 earthquake scenario, the probability of building collapse increases from less than 10% to over 30% within three decades. These findings show that vertical growth amplifies seismic risk in informal urban areas. Thus, our study highlights the importance of integrating vertical expansion into seismic risk assessments and policy discussions.
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