3. Producción
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Item type:Publication, Stochastic scale elasticity(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-12-11)To analyze the performance of firms (decision-making units, DMUs) in the literature, several economic concepts such as economies of scale (returns to scale, RTS), economies of scope, marginal rates of technical substitutions, etc., have been used. Banker et al. (2004) studied RTS in different DEA models. In this chapter, however, we concentrate on determining and measuring RTS. Scale elasticity (SE) is a quantitative measure of the RTS characterization of the firms operating on the production frontier, which is used to determine improvement or deterioration in their productivities by resizing their scales of operation. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Stochastic data envelopment analysis(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-12-11)In traditional DEA models, the technologies are developed using the premise that inputs and outputs are precisely measured and are, therefore, deterministic. However, in practical situations, the general production processes are often stochastic. The stochastic production relationship in a DEA setting may arise in different situations, for example, when stochastic variations in inputs and outputs affect the production frontier; when inputs and outputs are faced with stochastic prices while measuring allocative efficiency; when the slacks obtained from the DEA efficiency frontier are analyzed in terms of their statistical distribution; when an economic method is applied to estimate the stochastic production frontier; etc. (Sengupta, 1990). Over the last two decades, many researchers have proposed DEA-based models with stochastic data. Sengupta (2000) applied a stochastic DEA model using mathematical expectations for random inputs and outputs. Banker (1993) added statistical elements to DEA and developed an approach aimed at influencing statistical noise in inference. Many studies (e.g., Cooper et al., 1996, 1998; Land et al., 1993; Olesen & Petersen, 1995, 2016) have introduced chance-constrained programming in DEA to accommodate random changes in data. Banker (1986) proposed a related semi-parametric stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) based on a minimization of the sum of the absolute value of all composed error terms. For parametric and semi-parametric models, see Banker (1989, 1996), Banker and Chang (1995), Banker et al. (1994, 2015), and Banker and Maindiratta (1992). Additional approaches and applications can be found in Charles and Cornillier (2017), Charles and Udhayakumar (2012), Charles et al. (2018), Grosskopf (1996), Horrace and Schmidt (1996), Simar (1996), Simar and Wilson (1998), and Udhayakumar et al. (2011), among others. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Benchmarking(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-12-11)Benchmarking is an efficiency performance measurement procedure that allows firms to compare their performance to the top competitors. In this chapter, benchmarking (as an efficiency performance measurement tool using a specific indicator) and key performance indicators are first briefly introduced. Then, we introduce efficiency and productivity and the ways for measuring the different types of efficiencies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, An introduction to data envelopment analysis(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-12-11)Following the seminal work of Farrell (1957), Charnes et al. (1978) introduced DEA as a deterministic and nonparametric efficiency evaluation tool. DEA is a linear programming-based technique that has been widely accepted as a competing methodology to evaluate the relative efficiency of entities or decision-making units, DMUs (Charles et al., 2016, 2018; Tsolas et al., 2020). DEA is a data-oriented technique (Zhu, 2020) that is used to construct an empirical production frontier to measure efficiency. Note that the original DEA program of Charnes et al. (1978) is based on the CRS specification of technology and is used to measure the technical and scale efficiency of DMUs. However, Banker et al. (1984) extended this program to the case of VRS to estimate purely technical efficiency. Over the past three decades, DEA has been widely used to evaluate the relative efficiency of production firms, the nature of the returns-to-scale, and the productivity changes. The DEA literature has seen a wide variety of applications across a plethora of domains, having become a powerful management science tool (Charles et al., 2018). In this chapter, we briefly review the fundamental concepts in DEA, along with the basic technologies and programs. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Stochastic network data envelopment analysis(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-12-11)Most real-life production processes are multi-stage in nature. Characterization of such processes via concepts such as technical efficiency is considered important to firm managers for the stage-specific analysis of their business decisions in improving their performance. Therefore, it is imperative to estimate the efficiency of a firm not only for the network production system but also for its sub-processes to locate the sources of inefficiency. In this chapter, we deal with production processes characterized by a two-stage network structure that links their stage-specific processes with intermediate products (measures). In this two-stage production process, the first stage uses input resources to produce intermediate products, which are all, in turn, used as inputs in the second stage to produce final outputs. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Probability theory(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-12-11)Probability theory is a branch of mathematical science that deals with the mathematical analysis of random events. Probability is commonly used to describe the mind’s attitude to statements that we are not sure of. Statements usually take the form of “Will a particular event occur?” and the attitude of our minds will be of the form “How confident are we that this event will occur?” Our confidence can be described numerically, which is a value between 0 and 1 that we call probability. The more likely to occur an event is, the more confident we are that it will occur. The focus in this chapter is mainly on probability space, random variable, multi-dimensional probability distribution, expected value, variance, and covariance.