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Item type:Publication, Impact of measured spectrum variation on solar photovoltaic efficiencies worldwide(Center for Open Science, 2021-09-02)In ratings of solar photovoltaic performance, variation in the spectrum of sunlight is commonly neglected. A single spectrum, AM1.5, is used as the sole basis not only for record laboratory efficiencies, but also for commercial module power ratings, the performance metrics for solar power plants, and warranty claims. Incorporation of solar spectrum variation would improve accuracy and reduce the financial consequences of prediction errors. Ground-level measurements of spectral irradiance collected worldwide have been pooled to provide an extensive – though by no means comprehensive – sampling of the variation. Applied to nine solar cell types, the resulting divergence in solar cell performance illustrates that a single spectrum is insufficient for comparison of cells with different spectral responses. In contrast with single-junction cells such as silicon and cadmium telluride, cells with two or more semiconductor junctions tend to have efficiencies below that obtained under AM1.5. Increases in the degree of sun tracking are shown to decrease efficiency for cells with a narrower spectral response. Of the nine cell types, silicon exhibits the least spectral sensitivity: relative site variation ranges from 1% in Lima, Peru to 14% in Edmonton, Canada, with a mean of 4%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of measured spectrum variation on solar photovoltaic efficiencies worldwide(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-08-01)In photovoltaic power ratings, a single solar spectrum, AM1.5, is the de facto standard for record laboratory efficiencies, commercial module specifications, and performance ratios of solar power plants. More detailed energy analysis that accounts for local spectral irradiance, along with temperature and broadband irradiance, reduces forecast errors to expand the grid utility of solar energy. Here, ground-level measurements of spectral irradiance collected worldwide have been pooled to provide a sampling of geographic, seasonal, and diurnal variation. Applied to nine solar cell types, the resulting divergence in solar cell efficiencies illustrates that a single spectrum is insufficient for comparisons of cells with different spectral responses. Cells with two or more junctions tend to have efficiencies below that under the standard spectrum. Silicon exhibits the least spectral sensitivity: relative weekly site variation ranges from 1% in Lima, Peru to 14% in Edmonton, Canada.