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Item type:Publication, Climatological patterns of heatwaves during winter and spring 2023 and trends for the period 1979–2023 in central South America(Frontiers Media, 2025-01-01)In the last 40 years, trends in heat wave frequency, intensity, and duration have increased steadily around the world. These intense heat waves were characterized persistent atmospheric blocking episode, with a continuous presence of a warm air mass and lack of rain for several consecutive days, that contributed to pronounced positive temperature anomalies, reinforced by extremely low soil moisture, and warm and drought conditions. The year 2023 was the warmest year on record, and the global average temperature was +1.45°C above pre-industrial (1850–1900) values worldwide. In South America 2023 was the warmest since 1900, with 0.81°C above the 1991–2020 reference period. Central South America experienced a sequence of heatwaves series being the most intense during the autumn and spring of 2023. From August to December 2023, the meteorological services of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia reported record-high maximum temperatures in this period in several stations east of the Andes and identified 7 heat waves episodes that affected all these countries. The large-scale circulation patterns show that heatwaves were characterized by an anomalously high-pressure system that facilitated the formation of a heat dome through dry, hot air columns over a warm and dry soil. Several locations experienced temperature of about 10°C above normal, and some locations reported maximum temperatures above 40°C for several days in a row. These heat waves aggravated the drought over Amazonia during the second half of 2023, during an El Niño year. Compound drought-heat favored hydrological drought, while the increased dryness amplified the risk of fires.5 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Characterisation of the Exceptional Heatwave Conditions Observed in Brazil During the Record-Hot Years of 2024 and 2025(Wiley, 2026-03-15)The intense heatwaves of 2024 and the summer of 2025 underscored Brazil's vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events. Our results show that 2024 recorded a higher number of hot spells, particularly in subtropical Brazil, while in 2023 the intensity of heatwaves was greater. During the summer of 2025, air temperatures in large parts of southern Brazil exceeded 40°C, reflecting the extreme heatwave conditions in that region. Between 1979 and the austral summer of 2025, there was a notable increase in both the number and intensity of heatwaves in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. Areas that rarely experienced heatwaves in the 1980s, such as the Amazon and northeastern Brazil, have been facing increasingly severe heatwave conditions since the 2000s. Significant differences were observed in the spatial extent and intensity of exceptional warm temperatures across the case studies in 2024 and in 2025, when Northern and central Brazil were the most severely affected regions. Co‐occurring drought conditions in 2024 likely heightened sensible and heat fluxes from the drying soil to the atmosphere, further escalating temperatures during the heatwave episodes. As a result, there was a significant increase in wildfire risk and activity, especially in June and September 2024. In contrast, during the summer of 2025, the central‐eastern and particularly southern regions of the country experienced the highest temperatures and the longest heatwaves.1