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Item type:Publication, Analyzing the behavior of beachgoers in the city of Lima and their relationship with potential plastic emissions(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-12-01)Beach littering is a source of marine plastic waste accumulation. This is particularly so in overcrowded beaches in the Global South in which cleaning measures are scarce or sporadic and lack of waste management systems can increase plastic release. In the current study we focus on the importance of the behavior shown by beachgoers and how their conduct relates to the amount of plastic that potentially ends up entering littoral ecosystems. Transportation services to beaches, sports, food, and beverage containers are analyzed through a 24-question survey performed to 500 beachgoers in 4 beaches (i.e., Venecia, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa and San Bartolo) located in the megacity of Lima, Peru, in February 2022. The data obtained were then processed to understand the differences in behavior across different beaches. Moreover, a K-means algorithm was used to identify representative beachgoer profiles. The results showed a dichotomous behavior between two groups of beaches, in which the size group of beachgoers, transportation mode, accommodation, food consumption patterns or the use of reusable containers are some of the main differences between the two groups. No major differences were identified in terms of age distribution across the different beaches, but group sizes were higher in Punta Negra and Villa El Salvador. The K-means algorithm suggests that the surveyed population can be grouped into three main categories, of which two correspond mainly to higher socioeconomic beachgoers in the beaches of Punta Hermosa and San Bartolo. Overall, single use plastic for food and beverages appears as one of the main sources of plastic pollution across beaches and groups, although other sources of plastic emission should not be underestimated. Finally, the three beachgoer profiles identified are useful to implement targeted policies to minimize the environmental impacts of these profiles. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Ocean-Based Sources of Plastic Pollution: An Overview of the Main Marine Activities in the Peruvian EEZ(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-04-01)Marine-based activities are a critical source of plastic waste into the ocean. This is particularly important in countries with a competitive fishing industry, such as Peru. Thus, this study aimed to identify and quantify the major flows of plastic waste accumulating in the ocean from ocean-based sources within the Peruvian Economic Exclusive Zone. A material flow analysis was elaborated to analyze the stock of plastic and its release to the ocean by a set of Peruvian fleets, including the fishing industry, merchant vessels, cruises, and boating vessels. Results show that in 2018 between 2715 and 5584 metric tons of plastic waste entered the ocean. The fishing fleet was the most pollutant, representing approximately 97 % of the total. Moreover, fishing gear loss represented the highest single-activity contribution, although other sources, such as plastic packaging and antifouling emissions, have the potential to become vast sources of marine plastic pollution. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Expanding life cycle impact assessment to account for marine plastic emissions: a case study for the fishing industry(Springer Science+Business Media, 2026-03-01)Fishing is a major source of plastic pollution, which is harmful to marine life. Life cycle assessment studies do not usually include plastic emissions in their inventory or impact assessment. There has been a recent surge of methodological development to include plastic impacts in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). This study of anchoveta and cod fishing included dissipative plastic emissions in the inventory data and tests currently available characterisation factors for plastic pollution impacts to identify their importance for ecosystem quality damage. Life cycle inventory (LCI) data was gathered for two systems that produce 1 tonne of fish product (anchoveta fishmeal, consumer packaged cod). LCIA calculations were performed using IMPACT World+ to calculate ecosystem quality damage. In addition, plastic impact pathways for the physical effects from microplastics on biota (both water and sediment-dwelling organisms) and entanglement were included. The fishing stage dominates the ecosystem quality (EQ) damage results for both systems. For cod fished with gillnets, production of antifouling coating is the dominant contributor. Entanglement results completely dominate the picture for anchoveta. Overall, freshwater ecotoxicity (long term) causes the largest overall EQ damage. The emissions that contribute the most to freshwater ecotoxicity (long term) are metals from fishing gear production (mainly associated with the lead in the bottom rope), followed by polyethylene production for the cod system. For anchoveta, production of phosphoric acid and iron sulphate for fishmeal processing contribute the most. The second most important impact category is climate change (long term), due to emissions of fossil-derived carbon dioxide, as well as refrigerant R500 for anchoveta. Even with 100% fragmentation into microplastics, physical effects on biota account for less than 0.1% of the total EQ damage. Including the impacts associated with plastic emissions is important in LCAs where plastic materials or products are used. Without the inclusion of the plastic impacts, LCAs will not capture all of the impacts that plastics can have on the ecosystem. This study shows that whether parts, or the whole of the gear (including ropes) are included affects the importance of the mismanaged waste losses in the value chain, as well as the microplastic impacts associated with fishing gear losses at sea. The timescale for when lost fishing gear can still entangle organisms is extremely important for the overall damage caused by fishing and should be investigated further.1