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Item type:Publication, Medios de vida y estrategias de adaptación basados en la migración por familias afectadas por los deterioros ambientales en comunidades alto andinas «Ya no hay vida aquí; por eso se fueron.»(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables (INTE-PUCP), 2020-02-07)In Andean communities, many families whose livelihoods depend on farming and raising livestock are exposed to increasing degradation of their ecosystem and to food insecurity. The objective of this paper is to examine the extent to which families use migration strategies, based on multi residence and migratory circulation, to diversity their sources of income and mitigate the consequences of ecological degradation on their living conditions. The results are part of a socio-demographic research conducted in 2015 and 2016, which focused on domestic strategies for addressing environmental problems in a sample of 203 families living in five high Andean communities around Lake Titicaca. Most of families have migrant members and young adults between ages 20 and 35 represent the largest number of them. Nevertheless, their departuredoes not constitute an explicit form of adaptation to the ecological degradation. The quest for better conditions and opportunities in urban territories as well as interests related to their life stage and cycle, are the main determinants of their migration decisions. Despite the ecological problems affecting families, the desire for personal autonomy of the migrants is the main impetus for migration and there is no family organization based on multi residence and circular migration as an explicit livelihood for adaptation to environmental deterioration in rural areas. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Human trafficking in the Andean region: Socio-spatial dynamics in the Peruvian borders(FLACSO Ecuador, 2020-09-01)La trata de personas es una actividad ilegal que afecta la dignidad y libertad de miles de personas, especialmente mujeres, sin embargo, es poco analizada y aún marginal en el debate público. El presente artículo explora las dinámicas socio-espaciales de la trata de personas en las fronteras del Perú con Ecuador y Bolivia en el período 2000-2014, para aportar en el análisis de la complejidad en la relación de la actividad ilegal y el territorio. El estudio se sustenta en revisión de prensa escrita, información estadística de instituciones estatales competentes en la materia y fuentes secundarias de organismos internacionales. Los principales hallazgos se presentan en dos niveles. Primero, se identifica tres tipos de trata de personas, en ambos espacios de frontera, con diferencias por el nivel de complejidad, desplazamiento y características de la actividad. Segundo, se muestra la frontera como lugar de porosidad más que de solidez convirtiéndose en sitio estratégico para la trata, dado que i) permite la configuración de circuitos, pasos y rutas; ii) incorpora la trata en la dinámica local; iii) incluye la migración como un eje de reproducción de la vulnerabilidad y iv) visibiliza las conexiones sistémicas del mercado ilegal a escala global. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, “Climate change might have caused our small harvest”: indigenous vulnerability, livelihoods, and environmental changes in lowland and high jungle indigenous communities in Peru(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-09-15)The purpose of this article is to analyze how indigenous livelihoods are challenged by the global phenomenon of climate change while paying particular attention to how historically shaped, non-climatic factors influence how climate change is experienced in the Peruvian Amazon. In this sense, we will address indigenous people’s lived experiences of climate variations using a theoretical framework based on concepts of vulnerability. Methodologically, we draw on both a recent literature review and fieldwork conducted during 2015 and 2016 with two Kukama Kukamiria communities in Loreto (low jungle) and three Ashaninka communities in Junín (high jungle). After describing our theoretical framework and qualitative methods, we discuss the economic history of the addressed areas and show how non-climatic factors, such as colonialism, influence these communities’ experiences. This context allows us to better understand indigenous people’s experience of seasonal variations, precipitations and climatic events, its effect on their livelihoods, and their adaptive strategies in response to challenges imposed by climate unpredictability and broader transformations in their territories. Our conclusions are twofold: (a) addressing climate change must incorporate multiple temporal and spatial scales and (b) non-climatic factors are integral to understanding the role of climate change vulnerability of indigenous population. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Hydrometeorological data-based methodology for navigability risk analysis at waterways: case study for Magdalena River(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2021-09-01)The characterization and quantification of risk in port activities are essential to determine the main factors that may cause incidents and to establish risk mitigation strategies to improve the safety and operability of ports. This study presents a novel methodology to analyze the hydrometeorological risk of navigation in fairways and port activities, which is applied to the study case of the 22-km section of the lower Magdalena River, near the port of Barranquilla (Colombia). The methodology is based on probabilistic models of dominant hydrometeorological variables (e.g., water depth, flow velocity, wind magnitude, and wave height) identified via hazard and operative (HAZOP) studies. It allowed for quantifying likelihood and vulnerability levels obtained by empirical functions representing monthly spatio-temporal risk. It can be applied at any stage of fairway design and is highly replicable at other geographical conditions. The results for the study area show that the main risk factors for the reference vessel (i.e., SUPRAMAX) are the wave height and the fairway depth, which on up to 15% of the cases restrict navigation and induce deviations and economic losses to the port authority. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Systematic mapping of the literature on secure software development(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021-03-09)The accelerated growth in exploiting vulnerabilities due to errors or failures in the software development process is a latent concern in the Software Industry. In this sense, this study aims to provide an overview of the Secure Software Development trends to help identify topics that have been extensively studied and those that still need to be. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic mapping review with PICo search strategies was conducted. A total of 867 papers were identified, of which only 528 papers were selected for this review. The main findings correspond to the Software Requirements Security, where the Elicitation and Misuse Cases reported more frequently. In Software Design Security, recurring themes are security in component-based software development, threat model, and security patterns. In the Software Construction Security, the most frequent topics are static code analysis and vulnerability detection. Finally, in Software Testing Security, the most frequent topics are vulnerability scanning and penetration testing. In conclusion, there is a diversity of methodologies, models, and tools with specific objectives in each secure software development stage. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Optimal humanitarian warehouses location considering vulnerability previous condition(Associacao Brasileira de Engenharia de Producao, 2022-03-07)Goal: This study tackles on location problem, analyzing the urban shape base on vulnerability previous conditions in affected areas. Design / Methodology / Approach: A numerical analysis is performed using an integer programming model to find optimal preposition warehouses location. Results: The minimum cost is reached when the needs of all the people affected by the natural disaster are met. Excess construction of warehouses implies additional maintenance and administration expenses, while lack of construction of warehouses implies expenses originated by unsatisfied demand. Limitations of the investigation: Among the main limitations found in this study were the lack of updated data and few studies related to natural disaster prevention in the case study. Practical implications: Organizations should implement the recommendations given by the new model. This is because the model minimizes the cost, since the damage caused by a natural disaster is much more expensive than preventing it. Originality / Value: The novelty in this study is the creation of a punishment factor based on the level of vulnerability of the routes used in transportation. This is to simulate the impact the deterioration of routes has on the response time of sending aid supplies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Estructura urbana y movilidad como factores de vulnerabilidad. Lima y Bogotá en tiempos de cuarentena(Universidad Nacional de Colombia::will be referenced::ROR-ID, 2022-01-01)La pandemia del COVID-19 y las medidas preventivas que se adoptaron han tenido un amplio abanico de consecuencias que trascienden los problemas de salud para la población de muchas ciudades del mundo. Con el propósito de entender por qué los impactos en la vida de los habitantes resultaron tan diferentes dentro de la ciudad, nos interesamos en las vulnerabilidades socio-espaciales preexistentes, tomando como ejemplo las metrópolis de Lima y Bogotá. Indagamos por la relación entre estructura urbana, patrones de movilidad cotidiana y efectos del COVID-19 durante las cuarentenas del 2020. Adoptamos para ello un enfoque multidimensional que se sustenta en datos censales, en las últimas encuestas origen-destino disponibles y en los niveles de contagio en ambas ciudades durante el 2020. Con base en un análisis factorial y un análisis de conglomerado, proponemos una tipología y un mapa sintético de los factores de vulnerabilidad preexistentes. Los resultados permiten entender el rol de estos factores en las dificultades que tuvieron los habitantes para enfrentar la cuarentena, así como la razón por la cual aquellos que moran en los barrios periféricos de bajos ingresos sufrieron las peores alteraciones en su cotidianidad. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Migration and residence: Vulnerabilities and assets in the rental market in Metropolitan Lima(Universidad de Chile, 2024-01-01)Given that housing is a key element for security, access to resources, and the integration of migrant individuals, we inquire, concerning the rental market, about the forms of vulnerability to which they are exposed and the resources used (or not) to confront them. We present the case of Lima, the city that has received the largest number of Venezuelan migrants (1.1 million) in recent years. As an exploratory study, we conducted 37 interviews with tenants (27 Venezuelan migrants, 10 Peruvians). We analyzed the cases for each group, seeking common problems and strategies to address them. We found that Venezuelan individuals face challenges in searching for and staying in housing not only due to their restricted citizenship and employment in the informal sector, but also due to their limited access to social resources. As a result, they are more exposed to critical events and must confront them on their own. Consequently, their vulnerability is greater, and their housing tenure is always unstable. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Investigación académica sobre el consumidor vulnerable: parámetros sobre su necesaria institucionalización en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano(Military University Nueva Granada, 2024-05-06)En los últimos tiempos se ha discutido la categoría del consumidor vulnerable en Latinoamérica, lo que determina una fuerte raigambre humanista y tutelar sobre la protección al consumidor; sin embargo, en el Perú no se ha observado esta figura con nitidez teórica y práctica, pese a los diversos casos jurisprudenciales. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de esta investigación es determinar el statu quo de la legislación sobre el consumidor vulnerable en el Perú, lo que permitió proponer y construir las bases normativas para su positivización en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. La justificación se entiende desde una triple perspectiva: teórica, en tanto permite proponer esquemas doctrinarios; práctica, porque su materialización involucra una serie de cambios en los instrumentos de gestión por parte de la autoridad administrativa, así como nuevas políticas empresariales; y de trascendencia social, toda vez que permite reconocer y garantizar derechos de protección al consumidor. El tipo de investigación fue de carácter cualitativo, de nivel descriptivo con diseño prospectivo, en tanto se buscó conceptualizar al consumidor vulnerable y, al mismo tiempo, se utilizaron instrumentos y técnicas de recolección y procesamiento de datos que permitieron validar la propuesta investigativa desde un plano social. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Scenario-Based Multi-Risk Assessment from Existing Single-Hazard Vulnerability Models. An Application to Consecutive Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Lima, Peru(Copernicus Publications, 2023-06-20)Multi-hazard risk assessments for building portfolios exposed to earthquake shaking followed by a tsunami are usually based on empirical vulnerability models calibrated on post-event surveys of damaged buildings. The applicability of these models cannot easily be extrapolated to other regions of larger/smaller events. Moreover, the quantitative evaluation of the damages related to each of the hazard types (disaggregation) is impossible. To investigate cumulative damage on extended building portfolios, this study proposes an alternative and modular method to probabilistically integrate sets of single-hazard vulnerability models that are constantly being developed and calibrated by experts from various research fields to be used within a multi-risk context. This method is based on the proposal of state-dependent fragility functions for the triggered hazard to account for the pre-existing damage and the harmonisation of building classes and damage states through their taxonomic characterisation, which is transversal to any hazard-dependent vulnerability. This modular assemblage also allows us to separate the economic losses expected for each scenario on building portfolios subjected to cascading hazards. We demonstrate its application by assessing the economic losses expected for the residential building stock of Lima, Peru, a megacity commonly exposed to consecutive earthquake and tsunami scenarios. We show the importance of accounting for damage accumulation on extended building portfolios while observing a dependency between the earthquake magnitude and the direct economic losses derived for each hazard scenario. For the commonly exposed residential building stock of Lima exposed to both perils, we find that classical tsunami empirical fragility functions lead to underestimations of predicted losses for lower magnitudes (Mw) and large overestimations for larger Mw events in comparison to our state-dependent models and cumulative-damage method.