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Item type:Publication, Performance of regional climate model precipitation simulations over the terrain-complex Andes-Amazon transition region(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024-01-16)Regional climate models (RCMs) are widely used to assess future impacts associated with climate change at regional and local scales. RCMs must represent relevant climate variables in the present-day climate to be considered fit-for-purpose for impact assessment. This condition is particularly difficult to meet over complex regions such as the Andes-Amazon transition region, where the Andean topography and abundance of tropical rainfall regimes remain a challenge for numerical climate models. In this study, we evaluate the ability of 30 regional climate simulations (6 RCMs driven by 10 global climate models) to reproduce historical (1981–2005) rainfall climatology and temporal variability over the Andes-Amazon transition region. We assess spatio-temporal features such as spatial distribution of rainfall, focusing on the orographic effects over the Andes-Amazon “rainfall hotspots” region, and seasonal and interannual precipitation variability. The Eta RCM exhibits the highest spatial correlation (up to 0.6) and accurately reproduces mean annual precipitation and orographic precipitation patterns across the region, while some other RCMs have good performances at specific locations. Most RCMs simulate a wet bias over the highlands, particularly at the eastern Andean summits, as evidenced by the 100%–2,500% overestimations of precipitation in these regions. Annual cycles are well represented by most RCMs, but peak seasons are exaggerated, especially at equatorial locations. No RCM is particularly skillful in reproducing the interannual variability patterns. Results highlight skills and weaknesses of the different regional climate simulations, and can assist in the selection of regional climate simulations for impact studies in the Andes-Amazon transition zone. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, How well CMIP6 models simulate key boundary conditions affecting South American climate? Insights for regional modeling efforts(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025)South America is a large continent with a wide diversity of weather and climate features, including tropical, subtropical and extratropical regimes interacting within a complex landscape. Simulations by global climate models, as well as their downscaling through regional circulation models or statistical methods, are important tools, particularly when assessing the impacts of climate change in the continent. This work evaluates 57 models of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in their simulation of various spatial patterns and circulation features over South America. Our evaluation aims to provide useful input for the selection of climate models to force regional simulations in South America. Therefore, we focus on spatial fields that are relevant for regional simulations, such as horizontal winds, sea level pressure, sea surface temperature (SST), and moisture and energy fluxes across the domain boundaries. Additionally, we evaluated different circulation features influencing the regional climate of South America that have not been widely evaluated in these models. Several indices are studied to assess the main low-level and upper-level continental-scale circulation patterns, the regional Walker and Hadley cells, the subtropical highs and the boundary SST patterns. Our results show that no single model performs best across all evaluated features, highlighting the importance of in-depth model evaluation for the region concerning the features of interest.2