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Environmental impacts of introducing cable cars in the Andean landscape: A case study for Kuelap, Peru
(Elsevier, 2020-05-20)
Cable cars have slowly become a popular means of transport beyond their classical use at ski resorts. In Latin America their use has thrived to access archaeological sites in the Andes, but also in urban environments for mass transit. Despite some apparent benefits of these systems, the current literature is scarce in terms of quantifying the environmental profile of cable cars. Hence, their environmental performance as compared to other means of transport remains essentially unexplored. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a comparative environmental analysis, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, of the two existing transport methods to visit the Kuelap Archaeological Complex, in northern Peru: a recently built cableway system and the alternative unpaved winding road. An attributional LCA perspective was performed for several impact categories, including global warming and particulate matter formation. In addition, a scenario analysis and an uncertainty analysis, using Monte Carlo simulation, were conducted to account for deterministic and stochastic results interpretation. Results demonstrated that succulent environmental benefits are attained when cable cars substitute road transport in complex Andean orographic conditions. However, the rebound effects of reducing traveling times significantly, as well as social and biodiversity aspects, should be analyzed in further depth to complement the environmental analysis.
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LCA Foods 2022. 113th lnternational Conference on Life Cycle Assessment of Food
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables (INTE-PUCP), 2022)
The 13th International Conference on LCA of Food, which was held on October 11-14 2022, took place for the first time in the Latin America-Caribbean region, in Lima, Peru. The theme of the conference were the topics aligned to: The Role of Emerging Economies in Global Food Security. LCA Food 2022 venue's welcomed more than 250 participants through a hybrid modality, presenting 6 outstanding keynote speakers, and accepting peer-reviewed submissions in both oral and poster modality as part of 28 parallel sessions. The organizing committee was led by the research group PELCAN (Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network), part of the Department of Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and assisted by the INTE - PUCP. In the following link, you can find a revisit of the conference experience on our PELCAN's youtube channel.
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Introducing environmental decision-making criteria to foster green public procurement in Peru
(Wiley, 2021-07-01)
Governments in the Global South have recently started to align their public procurement regulations considering Green Public Procurement (GPP) guidelines to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 12. In this context, it is important to establish environmental criteria to help decision making after analyzing the variety of options available in the market. Thus, using as examples two of the most acquired products in public procurement in Peru: Medium-density particleboard melamine furniture and paper offset, the aim of this paper is to determine the main environmental hotspots and therefore show the path to foster GPP in Peru. To achieve this goal, a Life Cycle Assessment was carried out considering it is a suitable environmental management tool to quantify environmental impacts. For this, a set of scenarios were modeled and compared for each of the two products selected, covering different geographical and technological options that are currently purchased by the Peruvian government. Results demonstrated that it is possible to attain considerable reductions in the environmental impact of the products analyzed if the main critical stages throughout their life cycle are identified and adequate solutions are applied to avoid burden shifting. Moreover, we argue that it is important for developing countries to carry out case-specific life-cycle inventories as they provide higher-quality information based on the particular characteristics of regional or local industries, allowing the determination of more realistic environmental impact mitigation benchmarks. Nevertheless, the inclusion of lifecycle-based criteria in GPP must be performed cautiously, avoiding command and control regulations, as numerous challenges remain in terms of capacity building, environmental awareness, and environmental information, and transparency in emerging and developing economies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1206–1220. © 2021 SETAC KEY POINTS Latin American governments are currently aligning their public procurement regulations with Green Public Procurement (GPP) guidelines to comply with international environmental recommendations, such as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Considering that these nations struggle to develop empirical data to support GPP initiatives, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is presented as an attractive environmental management tool to quantify environmental impacts and orient GPP regulations. Two of the most acquired public procurement products in Peru, melamine furniture and paper offset, were evaluated using LCA to identify environmental hotspots, the sensitivity of the results through scenario analysis, and improvement actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. Despite the existing challenges linked to building environmental information in Peru, case-specific life-cycle inventories for regional industries have proved to allow the determination of realistic environmental impact mitigation benchmarks to include in GPP.
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Environmental footprint of critical agro-export products in the Peruvian hyper-arid coast: a case study for green asparagus and avocado
(Elsevier, 2021-11-19)
Peru has become one of the world's main agricultural hubs for a wide range of fruits and vegetables. Two of these products, avocado and green asparagus, have raised attention in recent years in the international scene from an environmental perspective due to the high amounts of water they require, as well as the long air and marine freighting distances to export these products to Europe, Asia or the US. Consequently, the aim of the current study was to perform an environmental assessment of these two products using two life-cycle methods: carbon and water footprint. For the latter, water scarcity, acidification, eco-toxicity and eutrophication impact categories have been selected for assessment. Inventory data were gathered from six different companies located in different regions of the hyper-arid Peruvian coast. The results report that the products are not carbon intensive and are in line with other similar plant-based products. Conversely, the hyper-arid conditions of the cultivation sites require a large volume of groundwater to fulfill the needs of the crops. Interestingly, even though this may lead to overexploitation of groundwater resources in the absence of appropriate management policies, the low mobility of pollutants, namely pesticides, constitutes a natural barrier to protect the degradation of natural water bodies. Similarly, highly technified irrigation systems have allowed minimizing the amounts of water used per hectare. In conclusion, results from this study may be useful in more concise environmental assessment studies on food products and diets, considering the consumption of these Peruvian products in many countries in the world. Furthermore, results are also important at regional level since they depict the carbon and water performance of these products and can also be accompanied by cross-cutting certification schemes, including Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Guidance.
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Transitioning to sustainable mobility in Lima, Peru. Are e-scooter sharing initiatives part of the problem or the solution?
(Elsevier BV, 2022-12-22)
Micro-mobility has increased in urban environments to reduce dependence on private vehicles. While electric micro-mobility alternatives are supposed to reduce environmental impacts, certain studies suggest that this can depend on the transport mode they substitute. In parallel, despite growing efforts, urban areas in developing and emerging economies struggle to implement sustainable mobility programs at a city-wide level. In March 2019 the first dockless e-scooter rental service appeared in the city of Lima, Peru. Although the social and environmental impacts of dockless e-scooters have been the center of multiple studies, these are mostly based in North America and Europe. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to use Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to address the environmental profile of e-scooter use in districts of central Lima. All stages of the life-cycle of e-scooters were modelled considering local conditions, from manufacture to end-of-life. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to account for the variability in environmental impact based on five parameters: lifespan, battery range, remaining battery charge, collection distance and collection vehicle. Results show that over two thirds of impacts are linked to manufacturing thanks to the low-carbon profile of electricity production in Peru, which lowers the burdens in the use phase, making e-scooter use competitive in the local market as compared to electric bikes or motorcycles. However, replacement trends show that net environmental gains are not always obtained. Poor maintenance and derived lifespan or battery range are important sources of variability for the impact categories assessed. Although e-scooters show potential for their implementation in developing cities with similar characteristics to Lima, we recommend that site-specific studies should be conducted to foster adaptive management strategies which take into account the means of transport being substituted by e-scooters.
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Carbon footprint of organic coffee: Peruvian case study
(Elsevier B.V., 2024-12-01)
In Peru, organic agriculture has emerged as a promising avenue for creating prosperity through the production of premium, value-added goods. Among the array of agricultural exports from Peru, organic coffee stands out as a highly significant product, celebrated internationally for its exceptional quality. Thus, there is an opportunity to address this study from the environmental point of view by focusing on greenhouse gas emissions in coffee production and adopting the principles of a circular economy. This approach not only promises to improve farmers' overall performance but also holds the potential to mitigate the environmental repercussions related with their production processes. The aim of this research is to analyze the carbon footprint of organic coffee that is produced by small farmers who are members of a cooperative situated in the northern region of Peru. To achieve this objective, the above-mentioned environmental impact during the production of organic green coffee was calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. This research also seeks to discern about disparities between the practices of farmers who already possess their organic certification and those currently in the certification process as well as assesses the relative eco-efficiency of these production units. Besides the absence of significant differences between those who have their organic certification and those who apply organic practices in their fields but are in the process of certification, results show that the carbon footprint of 1 kg of green coffee placed in port is estimated at 0.90 kg CO2e.
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Revising Regionalized Water Scarcity Characterization Factors for Selected Watersheds Along the Hyper-Arid Peruvian Coast Using the AWARE Method
(Springer, 2023-11-01)
The Peruvian coast is known for its low water availability and high water demand, which is mainly satisfied by groundwater sources. The current study develops regionalized water scarcity characterization factors (CFs) based on the available water remaining (AWARE) method for eight selected watersheds located along the hyper-arid Peruvian coast. Furthermore, the paper proposes water scarcity CFs for groundwater in six watersheds, which are not available in current methods. Methods: The regionalization of water scarcity CFs along the Peruvian coast was based on the following: (i) national delineation of hydrological units (HUs), (b) use of primary data on water availability and demand provided by official water balance reports and national databases, (c) use of the ecological flow values recommended by national authorities, and (d) proposal of specific water scarcity CFs for groundwater. Moreover, the results of the updated CFs were compared to those from the original CFs from AWARE. A sensitivity analysis, including recalculated CFs based on future climate change scenarios, was also provided. Thereafter, water scarcity impacts for grape and avocado production available in the scientific literature were recalculated based on previous studies with the new CFs. Results and discussion: Results revealed significant differences between updated and original water scarcity CFs in both geographical and temporal (i.e., monthly) terms. Hence, updated CFs showed that all watersheds selected experience high levels of water scarcity, especially from June to October, a more realistic scenario than that showed with original water scarcity CFs when confronted to water availability values. Meanwhile, water scarcity CFs for groundwater showed intense pressure all year round for the three main sources of groundwater (i.e., Chillon, Rimac, and Lurin aquifers) that provide water to the city of Lima, whereas only one groundwater watershed showed low water scarcity (i.e., Mala-Omas aquifer). Conclusions: Updated water scarcity CFs provide a watershed-based quantification of water scarcity in the hyper-arid Peruvian coast, which we consider more realistic as compared to the original CFs. Moreover, the water scarcity CFs proposed for groundwater allow estimating the pressure over aquifers in a higher level of disaggregation, which can be used to monitor the overexploitation of groundwater sources in an area that is highly dependent on these water sources.
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La Pampilla oil spill in central coastal Peru: A multi-dimensional damage assessment
(Elsevier BV, 2026-06-01)
Oil spills represent significant environmental disasters with far-reaching impacts on marine ecosystems, coastal communities, and local economies. There is a need to assess in a holistic manner the impacts of oil spills around the world. Thus, the main objective of the study was to extend the multi-dimensional damage assessment (MDDA) framework to marine oil spill disasters by incorporating ecosystem quality impact categories alongside traditional human health and socioeconomic indicators. The La Pampilla oil spill in Lima, Peru, in January 2022 was used to apply the MDDA methodology to quantify the environmental, economic and social damage caused. Data were obtained from multiple sources, including Peruvian government agencies, academic studies, and affected community organizations. Damage endpoints were converted to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) following established MDDA protocols. Results show that economic damage represented the highest burden (18,925 DALYs), followed by social damage (14,872 DALYs). Environmental damage, however, was found to be marginal as compared to the other two dimensions, unlike other disaster events measured with MDDA in scientific literature (e.g., flooding events). The fishing sector experienced complete paralysis affecting 5,000 artisanal fishermen, while tourism losses resulted from the closure of 48 beaches. Total economic losses reached USD 4,500 million, representing approximately 2% of Peru's 2022 GDP. The MDDA framework proves effective in capturing the multi-dimensional nature of the damage derived from oil spill disasters, revealing that at moderate intensities coastal community livelihoods and mental health constitute the primary burden of marine oil spill disasters.
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