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    Intertwined Realities—Hybrid Institutions in the Peruvian Fisheries and Aquaculture Sectors
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-06-01)
    Following pro-market policies, the Peruvian state has aimed to regulate profitable fisheries and aquaculture activities in order to increase their production. However, informal and illegal activities not only persist but are also interlinked with formal practices and frameworks, creating intertwined realities in fostering processes of institutional hybridization. This article analyses the (re)production of informal and illegal activities by explaining the formation of hybrid institutional entanglements in the Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) fishery in Pisco and the Peruvian bay scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) aquaculture industry in Sechura. It argues that state policies to promote industrial fisheries and entrepreneurial aquaculture for the global market coupled with limited interest in supporting small-scale fisheries and aquaculture activities have resulted in processes of institutional hybridization. Within these processes, social actors resist and accommodate formal regulatory frameworks to suit their respective needs, while intertwining formal and informal practices and institutional arrangements, based on their political leverage or ability to produce hybrid institutional entanglements in a context where regulation is limited and state authority is negotiated. Under these forms of hybrid governance, the article shows that interactions between state and non-state actors do not lead to collaborations for solving problems but to the persistence of sustainability problems.
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    The elusive sustainable growth: The formation of institutional socio-ecological traps in Peruvian anchoveta fisheries
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-06-01)
    In Peru, government agencies have set out to regulate the profitable anchoveta fishery to increase its efficiency and sustainability. Current government regulations seek to eradicate informal and illegal fishing activities and include a differentiated set of regulations for industrial and small-scale fisheries to prevent overfishing. However, overfishing continues, threatening the reproduction of the anchoveta biomass. Moreover, informal and illegal activities not only persist but are intertwined with formal practices and legal frameworks, fostering processes of institutional hybridisation. Why has the implementation of sound state regulations for sustainable fishing ended up contributing to anchoveta depredation? From a political ecology perspective, we argue that we are witnessing the formation of institutional socio-ecological traps driven by power dynamics in the context of increasing institutional hybridisation. To develop our argument, we show how legal inequalities in access to anchoveta resources foster the emergence of informal fishing practices and hybrid institutions. We then analyse how, in the context of increasing demand and institutional hybridisation, powerful extractive actors are able to circumvent restrictive policies such as quotas and vessel permits designed to prevent overfishing, leading to the exacerbation of inequalities. Methodologically, this article draws on a qualitative case study of industrial and small-scale anchoveta fishing practices and regulations in Peru.
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