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    Roles and Legitimacy of the Communal Indigenous Authorities: Landlords, Ruwales and Relations with the State in Q’ero Communities (Cusco, Peru, 1922-2020)
    (Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2023-01-01)
    This article analyzes the roles and legitimacy of the communal authorities at the Q’ero hacienda (Paucartambo, Cusco) and the communities emerging therefrom. The colonial state established the hacienda in the XVII century. However, in 1922, its authority structure was more characteristic of communities descending from colonial Councils of Indians (Cabildos de Indios). Based on ethnographic records beginning in 1922 and fieldwork conducted in 2007 and 2008, the article shows how communal indigenous authorities, whose external legitimacy came from the landlord and the state, were essential to organizing hacienda work. As part of their role as mediators between humans and ruwales (places with agency and intentionality), these authorities were responsible for the rainy season festivities. When the hacienda closed in the 1960s, the state recognized these collectives as ‘peasant communities’ and imposed a new authority structure. While these new authorities were in charge of the relations with the state, the communal indigenous authorities continued in their roles. Their legitimacy emerged directly from the community of humans and ruwales and was only weakly tied to the state.
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    How and Why the Quyllurit'i Pilgrimage Is Related to the Tupac Amaru Rebellion
    (Cambridge University Press, 2025-01-01)
    This article analyzes historical claims about the Quyllurit'i pilgrimage (Cuzco, Peru). First, it discusses its relationship to Inka rituals and the Tupac Amaru rebellion. It shows that the way the rebellion affected the Ocongate church in 1782 was crucial for the later inscription of 1783 as the year of the pilgrimage's miracle. It then analyzes how the conflicts between the Ocongate merchants and the hacienda Lauramarca over the commercialization of colono alpaca wool in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are related to the creation of the first written account of the pilgrimage's origins. This account was written in 1932, using the local archive shaped by the Great Rebellion, but without any evidence of anything that happened in 1783 in what is now the Quyllurit'i shrine. As the pilgrimage expanded beyond Ocongate, scholars who studied the pilgrimage in the 1970s used this first account to hypothesize its relationship to the Great Rebellion within tropes of indigenous cultural authenticity, continuity, and resistance.
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